Journal of Dairy Science
Volume 89, Issue 12 , Pages 4503-4510 , December 2006

Properties of Cholesterol-Reduced Butter Made with β-Cyclodextrin and Added Evening Primrose Oil and Phytosterols

Received 6 December 2005 ,Accepted 31 March 2006.

References 

  1. Adams ML, Sullivan DM, Smith RL, Richer EF. Evaluation of direct saponification method in determination of cholesterol in meats. J. Assoc. Anal. Chem. 1986;69:844–846
  2. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis.. 15th ed. Arlington, VA: AOAC International; 1990;Vol. 1
  3. Arthur C. The cholesterol market. Am. Demographics. 1990;12:10–12
  4. Best D. Diet and health bring vitality to a maturing market. Prepared Foods. 1989;158:111–114
  5. Cochran WG, Cox GM. Experimental Designs. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1957;
  6. Expert Panel on Detection. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  7. Grundy SM, Brheimer D, Blackburn H, Brown WV, Kwiterovich PO, Mattson F, et al. Rational of the diet–heart statement of the American Heart Association Report of the Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 1982;65:839A–854A
  8. Hamerstrand GE, Hofreiter BT, Mehltretter CL. Determination of the extent of reaction between epichlorohydrin and starch. Cereal Chem. 1959;37:519–524
  9. Han EM, Kim SH, Ahn J, Kwak HS. Cholesterol removal from homogenized milk with crosslinked β-cyclodexterin by adipic acid. Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 2005;18:1794–1799
  10. Hegenauer J, Saltman P, Ludwig D, Ripley L, Bajo P. Effects of supplemental iron and copper on lipid oxidation in milk. 1. Comparison of metal complexes in emulsified and homogenized milk. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1979;27:860–867
  11. Hepburn PA, Horner SA, Smith M. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 2. Subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study on phytosterol esters—A novel functional food. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1999;37:521–532
  12. Horrobin DF, Manku MS. How do polyunsaturated fatty acids lower plasma cholesterol levels?. Lipids. 1983;18:558–562
  13. Hudson BJF. Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) oil and seed. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1984;61:540–543
  14. Hwang JH, Lee SJ, Kwak HS. Properties and cholesterol lowering effect of cholesterol-reduced milk supplemented with evening primrose oil. Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 2005;18:1041–1047
  15. Ihara-Watanabe M, Umekawa H, Takahashi T, Furuichi Y. Effects of dietary α- or γ-linolenic acid on levels and fatty acid compositions of serum and hepatic lipids, and activity and mRNA abundance of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase in rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. 1999;122:213–220
  16. International Dairy Statistics. World per capita consumption of butter. South Bank, Australia: Dairy Australia, Victoria; 2003;Page 98
  17. Jung TH, Kim JJ, Yu SH, Ahn J, Kwak HS. Properties of cholesterol-reduced butter and effect of γ-linolenic acid added butter on blood cholesterol. Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 2005;18:1646–1654
  18. Kim SH, Ahn J, Kwak HS. Crosslinking of β-cyclodextrin on cholesterol removal from milk. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2004;27:1183–1187
  19. Kim SH, Han EM, Ahn J, Kwak HS. Effect of crosslinked β-cyclodextrin on quality of cholesterol-reduced cream cheese. Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 2005;18:584–589
  20. Kim JJ, Yu SH, Jeon WM, Kwak HS. The effect of evening primrose oil on chemical and blood cholesterol lowering in properties of Cheddar cheese. Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 2006;19:450–458
  21. Kwak HS, Ahn HJ, Ahn J. Development of phytosterol ester-added Cheddar cheese for lowering blood cholesterol. Asian-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 2005;18:267–276
  22. Kwak HS, Jung CS, Shim SY, Ahn J. Removal of cholesterol from Cheddar cheese by β-cyclodextrin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002;50:7293–7298
  23. Kwak HS, Kim SH, Kim JH, Choi HJ, Kang JM. Simple immobilization of β-cyclodextrin to remove cholesterol in milk and recycling. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2004;27:873–877
  24. Lee, S. J., J. S. Hwang, S. Lee, J. Ahn, and H. S. Kwak. 2006. Property changes and cholesterol lowering effect in evening primrose oiladded and cholesterol-reduced yogurt. Int. J. Dairy Technol. (accepted)
  25. Leeson P, Flöter E. Solidification behaviour of binary sitosteryl esters mixtures. Food Res. Int. 2002;35:983–991
  26. Ling WH, Jones PJH. Dietary phytosterols: Review of metabolism, benefits and side-effects. Life Sci. 1995;57:196–206
  27. Makoto, K., O. Akio, and Reijiro, S. 1992. Cholesterol removal from animal with cyclodextrin by inclusion. Honnen LTD., assignee. Japanese Pat. No. 4,168,198.
  28. Morton GM, Leem SM, Buss DH, Lawrence P. Intakes and major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 1995;8:429–440
  29. Nagamoto S. Cyclodextrin-expanding the development of their functions and applications. Chem. Econ. Eng. Rev. 1985;17:28–34
  30. Oakenfull, D. G., and G. S. Sidhu. 1991. Cholesterol reduction. Commonwealth scientific and industrial research organization, assignee. Int. Pat. No. 91/11114.
  31. SAS Institute. Users Guide: Statistics. Version 5 ed. Cary, NC: SAS Inst., Inc.; 1985;
  32. Shim SY, Ahn J, Kwak HS. Functional properties of cholesterol-removed whipping cream treated by β-cyclodextrin. J. Dairy Sci. 2003;86:2767–2772
  33. Shukla A, Bhaskar AR, Rizvi SSH, Mulvaney SJ. Physicochemical and rheological properties of butter made from supercritically fractionated milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 1994;77:45–54
  34. Sugano M, Ide T, Ishida T, Yoshida K. Hypocholesterolemic effect of γ-linolenic acid as evening primrose oil in rats. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 1986;30:289–299
  35. Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998;52:334–343
  36. Wilson B. Race for cholesterol-free butter. Dairy Ind. Int. 1990;55:7

PII: S0022-0302(06)72498-5

doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72498-5

Journal of Dairy Science
Volume 89, Issue 12 , Pages 4503-4510 , December 2006