Journal of Dairy Science
Volume 90, Issue 6 , Pages 2641-2654 , June 2007

Industrial Yogurt Manufacture: Monitoring of Fermentation Process and Improvement of Final Product Quality

  • C. Soukoulis

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Polytechnioupoli Zografou, Athens, Greece
  • ,
  • P. Panagiotidis

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Polytechnioupoli Zografou, Athens, Greece
  • ,
  • R. Koureli

      Affiliations

    • Fage S. A., Ermou 35 str., Metamorfosi, Athens, Greece
  • ,
  • C. Tzia

      Affiliations

    • Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Polytechnioupoli Zografou, Athens, Greece
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.

Received 1 December 2006 ,Accepted 29 January 2007.

References 

  1. Baeza RI, Carp DJ, Perez OE, Pilosof AMR. κ-carrageenan-protein interactions: Effect of proteins on polysaccharide gelling and textural properties. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 2002;35:741–747
  2. Bhullar YS, Uddin MA, Shah NP. Effects of ingredients supplementation on the textural characteristics and microstructure of yoghurt. Milchwissenschaft. 2002;57:328–332
  3. Bodyfelt FW, Tobias J, Trout GM. The sensory evaluation of dairy products. New York, NY: van Nostrand Reinhold; 1988;
  4. Brauss MS, Linforth RST, Cayeux I, Harvey B, Taylor AJ. Altering the fat content affects flavor release in a model yogurt system. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999;47:2055–2059
  5. Cimander C, Carlsson M, Mandenius CF. Sensor fusion for on-line monitoring of yoghurt fermentation. J. Biotechnol. 2002;99:237–248
  6. Dave RI, Shah NP. The influence of ingredient supplementation on the textural characteristics of yogurt. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 1998;53:180–184
  7. De Brabandere A, De Baerdemaeker JG. Effects of process conditions on the pH development during yogurt fermentation. J. Food Eng. 1999;41:221–227
  8. El Sayed EM, Abd El Gawad IA, Murad HA, Salah SH. Utilization of laboratory-produced xanthan gum in the manufacture of yogurt and soy yogurt. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2002;215:298–304
  9. Everett DW, McLeod RE. Interactions of polysaccharide stabilizers with casein aggregates in stirred skim-milk yoghurt. Int. Dairy J. 2005;15:1175–1183
  10. Fiszman SM, Salvador A. Effect of gelatine on the texture of yoghurt and of acid-heat-induced milk gels. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 1999;208:100–105
  11. Fiszman SM, Lluch MA, Salvador A. Effect of gelatin on microstructure of acidic milk gels and yoghurt and on their rheological properties. Int. Dairy J. 1999;9:895–901
  12. Gallardo-Escamilla FJ, Kelly AL, Delahunty CM. Mouthfeel and flavour of fermented whey with added hydrocolloids. Int. Dairy J. 2007;17:308–315
  13. Guzman-Gonzalez M, Morais F, Amigo L. Influence of skimmed milk concentrate replacement by dry dairy products in a low-fat set-type yoghurt model system. Use of caseinates, co-precipitate and blended dairy powders. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2000;80:433–438
  14. Guzman-Gonzalez M, Morais F, Ramos M, Amigo L. Influence of skimmed milk concentrate replacement by dry dairy products in a low fat set-type yoghurt model system. I: Use of whey protein concentrates, milk protein concentrates and skimmed milk powder. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1999;79:1117–1122
  15. Hansen PMT. Food hydrocolloids in the dairy industry. In:  Nishinari K,  Doi E editor. Food hydrocolloids: Structures, properties and functions. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1993;p. 211–224
  16. Hassan AN, Ipsen R, Janzen T, Qvist KB. Microstructure and rheology of yogurt made with cultures differing only in their ability to produce exopolysaccharides. J. Dairy Sci. 2003;86:1632–1638
  17. Hui YH. Dairy Science and Technology Handbook. 1st ed.. New York, NY: VCH Publishers; 1993;
  18. Kalab M, Emmons DM, Sargant AG. Milk gel structure. IV. Microstructure of yoghurt in relation to the presence of thickening agents. J. Dairy Res. 1975;42:453–458
  19. Keogh MK, O’Kennedy BT. Rheology of stirred yogurt as affected by added milk fat, protein and hydrocolloids. J. Food Sci. 1998;63:108–114
  20. Kumar P, Mishra HN. Mango soy fortified set yoghurt: Effect of stabilizer addition on physicochemical, sensory and textural properties. Food Chem. 2004;87:501–507
  21. Labropoulos AE, Collins WF, Stone WK. Effects of ultra-high temperature and vat processes on heat-induced rheological properties of yogurt. J. Dairy Sci. 1984;64:405–409
  22. Labropoulos AE, Lopez A, Palmer JK. Apparent viscosity of milk and cultured yogurt thermally treated by UHT and vat systems. J. Food Prot. 1981;44:874–876
  23. Langendorff V, Cuvelier G, Michon C, Launey B, Parker A, De Kruif CG. Effects of carrageenan type on the behaviour of carrageenan/milk mixtures. Food Hydrocoll. 2000;14:273–280
  24. Law AJR. Effect of heat treatment and acidification on the dissociation of bovine casein micelles. J. Dairy Res. 1996;63:35–48
  25. Lo CG, Lee KD, Richter RL, Dill CW. Influence of guar gum on the distribution of some flavor compounds in acidified milk products. J. Dairy Sci. 1996;79:2081–2090
  26. Lucey JA, Munro PA, Singh H. Effects of heat treatment and whey protein addition on the rheological properties and structure of acid skim milk gels. Int. Dairy J. 1999;9:275–279
  27. Lucey JA, Singh H. Formation and physical properties of acid milk gels: A review. Food Res. Int. 1997;30:529–542
  28. Lucey JA, Teo CT, Munro PA, Singh H. Rheological properties at small (dynamic) and large (yield) deformations of acid gels made from heated skim milk. J. Dairy Res. 1997;64:591–600
  29. Mannheim Boehringer GmbH. Methods of Biochemical Analysis and Food Analysis. Germany: Biochemica, Mannheim; 1987;
  30. Martin NC, Skokanova J, Latrille E, Beal C, Corrieu G. Influence of fermentation and storage conditions on the sensory properties of plain low fat stirred yogurts. J. Sens. Stud. 1999;14:139–160
  31. Modler HW, Larmond ME, Lin CS, Froehlich D, Emmons DB. Physical and sensory properties of yogurt stabilized with milk proteins. J. Dairy Sci. 1983;66:422–429
  32. Mottar J, Bassier A, Joniaou M, Baert J. Effect of heat-induced association of whey proteins and casein micelles on yogurt texture. J. Dairy Sci. 1989;72:2247–2256
  33. Navratil M, Cimander C, Mandenius CF. On-line multisensor monitoring of yogurt and filmjölk fermentations on production scale. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004;52:415–420
  34. Parnell-Clunies EM, Kakuda Y, deMan JM. Influence of heat treatment of milk on the flow properties of yoghurt. J. Food Sci. 1986;51:1459–1462
  35. Parnell-Clunies EM, Kakuda Y, deMan JM, Cazzola F. Gelation profiles of yogurt as affected by heat treatment of milk. J. Dairy Sci. 1988;71:582–588
  36. Penna ALB, Barrufaldi R, Oliveira MN. Optimization of yogurt production using demineralized whey. J. Food Sci. 1997;62:846–850
  37. Puvanenthiran AR, Williams PW, Augustin MA. Structure and visco-elastic properties of set yoghurt with altered casein to whey protein ratios. Int. Dairy J. 2002;12:383–391
  38. Ramaswamy HS, Basak S. Pectin and raspberry concentrate effects on the rheology of stirred commercial yogurt. J. Food Sci. 1992;57:357–360
  39. Salvador A, Fiszman SM. Textural and sensory characteristics of whole and skimmed flavored set type yogurt during long storage. J. Dairy Sci. 2004;87:4033–4041
  40. Schkoda P, Hechler A, Hinrichs J. Influence of the protein content on structural characteristics of stirred fermented milk. Milchwissenschaft. 2001;56:19–22
  41. Shaker RR, Abu-Jdayil B, Jumah RY, Ibrahim SA. Rheological properties of set yogurt during gelation process: II. Impact of incubation temperature. Milchwissenschaft. 2001;56:622–625
  42. Shaker RR, Jumah RY, Abu-Jdayil B. Rheological properties of plain yogurt during coagulation process: Impact of fat content and preheat treatment of milk. J. Food Eng. 2000;44:175–180
  43. Spagnuolo PA, Dalgleish DG, Goff HD, Morris ER. Kappa-carrageenan interactions in systems containing casein micelles and polysaccharide stabilizers. Food Hydrocoll. 2005;19:371–377
  44. Tamime YA, Robinson RK. Yoghurt: Science and Technology. 2nd ed.. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.; 1999;
  45. Thomas WR. Carrageenan. Thickening and Gelling Agents for Food. 2nd ed.. London, UK: Blackie Academic and Professional; 1997;Pages 45–59
  46. Thomopoulos C, Tzia C, Milkas D. Influence of processing of solids-fortified milk on coagulation time and quality properties of yogurt. Milchwissenschaft. 1993;48:426–430

PII: S0022-0302(07)70075-9

doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-802

Journal of Dairy Science
Volume 90, Issue 6 , Pages 2641-2654 , June 2007