Identification of the Characteristics That Drive Consumer Liking of Butter

Principal components biplot of descriptive sensory analysis of commercial butters. Numbers represent samples (Table 2). Underlined numbers represent those chosen for consumer testing. PC1 = principal component 1; PC2 = principal component 2.

Principal components biplot of descriptive sensory analysis of commercial butters. Numbers represent samples (Table 2). Underlined numbers represent those chosen for consumer testing. PC3 = principal component 3; PC4 = principal component 4.

Internal preference map of consumer results. Numbers represent samples (Table 2). PC1 = principal component 1; PC2 = principal component 2.

Partial least squares model of consumer scores. Loading plot of principal component 1 (PC1) vs. PC2. Principal component 1 explains 40%; PC2 explains 20%. Numbers indicate samples (Table 2). Different samples (by consumers) are located far apart from each other.

Sample partial least squares model of consumer scores. The loading plot of principal component 3 (PC3) vs. PC4. Principal component 3 explains 19%; PC4 explains 12%. Numbers indicate samples (Table 2). Different samples are located far apart from each other.

Correlation biplot of descriptive attributes using the partial least squares model. Principal component 1 (PC1) explains 40%; PC2 explains 20%. Attributes are descriptive attributes (Table 1). The strength of the correlation is indicated by the distance from the origin. The inner ellipse indicates 50% variance and the outer ellipse indicates 100% variance.

Correlation biplot of descriptive attributes using the partial least squares model. Principal component 3 (PC3) explains 19%; PC4 explains 12%. Attributes are descriptive attributes (Table 1). The strength of the correlation is indicated by the distance from the origin. The inner ellipse indicates 50% variance and the outer ellipse indicates 100% variance.

Overall acceptability scores for butter and spreads within different consumer segments. Acceptability was scored based on a 9-point hedonic scale where 1 = dislike extremely and 9 = like extremely. P = product.