Journal of Dairy Science
Volume 90, Issue 7 , Pages 3355-3366 , July 2007

Dietary Cation-Anion Difference and Dietary Protein Effects on Performance and Acid-Base Status of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation1

  • W. Hu

      Affiliations

    • Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
    • Current address: Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716.
  • ,
  • M.R. Murphy

      Affiliations

    • Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
  • ,
  • P.D. Constable

      Affiliations

    • Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
    • Current address: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
  • ,
  • E. Block

      Affiliations

    • Arm & Hammer Animal Nutrition Group, Church & Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543

Received 7 August 2006 ,Accepted 20 March 2007.

References 

  1. Albin RC, Clanton DC. Factors contributing to the variation in urinary creatinine and creatinine-nitrogen ratios in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 1966;25:107–112
  2. Allen MS. Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber. J. Dairy Sci. 1997;80:1447–1462
  3. Asai H, Hayashi N, Takai N, Yoshimura Y, Nakamura Y, Yokota H, et al. Estimation of daily urinary potassium excretion using urinary creatinine as an index substance in prepartum dairy cows. Anim. Sci. J. 2005;76:51–54
  4. Atkinson DE, Camien MN. The role of urea synthesis in the removal of metabolic bicarbonate and the regulation of blood pH. Curr. Top. Cell. Regul. 1982;21:261–303
  5. Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 2005;88:E9–E21(E Suppl.)
  6. Block E. Manipulating dietary anions and cations for prepartum dairy cows to reduce incidence of milk fever. J. Dairy Sci. 1984;67:2939–2948
  7. Broderick GA, Clayton MK. A statistical evaluation of animal and nutritional factors influencing concentrations of milk urea nitrogen. J. Dairy Sci. 1997;80:2964–2971
  8. Chan JCM. The rapid determination of urinary titratable acid and ammonium and evaluation of freezing as a method of preservation. Clin. Biochem. 1972;5:94–98
  9. Charbonneau E, Pellerin D, Oetzel GR. Impact of lowering dietary cation-anion difference in nonlactating dairy cows: a meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 2006;89:537–548
  10. Constable PD. Clinical assessment of acid-base status. Strong ion difference theory. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 1999;15:447–471
  11. Constable PD. Clinical assessment of acid-base status: Comparison of the Henderson-Hasselbalch and strong ion approaches. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2000;29:115–128
  12. De Groot Th, Aafjes JH. On the constancy of creatinine excretion in the urine of the dairy cow. Br. Vet. J. 1960;116:409–418
  13. Delaquis AM, Block E. The effects of changing ration ingredients on acid-base status, renal function, and macromineral metabolism. J. Dairy Sci. 1995;78:2024–2039
  14. Delaquis AM, Block E. Dietary cation-anion difference, acid-base status, mineral metabolism, renal function, and milk production of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1995;78:2259–2284
  15. Dhiman TR, Satter LD. Effect of ruminally degraded protein on protein available at the intestine assessed using amino acid concentrations. J. Anim. Sci. 1997;75:1674–1680
  16. Erdman RA. Dietary buffering requirements of the lactating dairy cow: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 1988;71:3246–3266
  17. Escobosa A, Coppock CE, Rowe LD, Jenkins WL, Gates CE. Effects of dietary sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride on physiological responses of lactating dairy cows in hot weather. J. Dairy Sci. 1984;67:574–584
  18. Fredeen AH, DePeters EJ, Baldwin RL. Effects of acid-base disturbances caused by differences in dietary fixed ion balance on kinetics of calcium metabolism in ruminants with high calcium demand. J. Anim. Sci. 1988;66:174–184
  19. Galyean ML. Protein levels in beef cattle finishing diets: Industry application, university research, and systems results. J. Anim. Sci. 1996;74:2860–2870
  20. Goff JP, Horst RL, Mueller FJ, Miller JK, Kiess GA, Dowlen HH. Addition of chloride to a prepartal diet high in cations increases 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D response to hypocalcemia preventing milk fever. J. Dairy Sci. 1991;74:3863–3871
  21. Guder WG, Haussinger D, Gerok W. Renal and hepatic nitrogen metabolism in systemic acid base regulation. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 1987;25:457–466
  22. Gustafsson AH, Palmquist DL. Diurnal variation of rumen ammonia, serum urea, and milk urea in dairy cows at high and low yields. J. Dairy Sci. 1993;76:475–484
  23. Haussinger D. Nitrogen metabolism in liver: Structural and functional organization and physiological relevance. Biochem. J. 1990;267:281–290
  24. Hu W, Murphy MR. Dietary cation-anion difference effects on performance and acid-base status of lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 2004;87:2222–2229
  25. Hu W, Murphy MR. Statistical evaluation of early- and mid-lactation dairy cow response to dietary sodium bicarbonate addition. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2005;119:43–54
  26. Huber TL. Physiological effects of acidosis on feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 1976;43:902–909
  27. Lobley GE. Control of metabolic fate of amino acids in ruminants: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 1992;70:3264–3275
  28. Lobley GE, Hoskin SO, McNeil CJ. Glutamine in animal science and production. J. Nutr. 2001;131:2525S–2531S
  29. Mees DC, Merchen NR, Mitchel CJ. Effects of sodium bicarbonate on nitrogen balance, bacterial protein synthesis and sites of nutrient digestion in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 1985;61:985–994
  30. Murphy MR. Analyzing and presenting pH data. J. Dairy Sci. 1982;65:161–163
  31. Murphy MR. Water metabolism of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 1992;75:326–333
  32. Murphy MR, Zhu JS. A comparison of methods to analyze particle size as applied to alfalfa haylage, corn silage, and concentrate mix. J. Dairy Sci. 1997;80:2932–2938
  33. Oetzel GR. The dietary cation-anion difference concept in dairy cattle nutrition: possibility and pitfalls. In:  Kaske M,  Scholz H,  Holters-hinken M editor. Recent Developments and Perspectives in Bovine Medicine: XXII World Buiatrics Congress. Germany: Hannover; 2002;p. 198–208
  34. Oetzel GR, Olson JD, Curtis CR, Fettman MJ. Ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate for prevention of parturient paresis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1988;71:3302–3309
  35. Patience JF. A review of the role of acid-base balance in amino acid nutrition. J. Anim. Sci. 1990;68:398–408
  36. Patience JF, Chaplin RK. The relationship among dietary undetermined anion, acid-base, and nutrient metabolism in swine. J. Anim. Sci. 1997;75:2445–2452
  37. Remer T. Influence of diet on acid-base balance. Semin. Dial. 2000;13:221–226
  38. Roche JR, Dalley D, Moate P, Grainger C, Rath M, O’Mara F. Dietary cation-anion difference and the health and production of pasture-fed dairy cows. 1. Dairy cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 2003;86:970–978
  39. Roche JR, Petch S, Kay JK. Manipulating the dietary cation-anion difference via drenching to early-lactation dairy cows grazing pasture. J. Dairy Sci. 2005;88:264–276
  40. Sanchez WK, Beede DK. Is there an optimal cation-anion difference for lactation diets?. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1996;59:3–12
  41. Sanchez W, Giesy J, Griffel L. Adjustment of DCAD may improve performance. Feedstuffs. 2000;72:11–13
  42. SAS Institute. SAS system software: Release 8.2 (TS2M0). Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.; 2001;
  43. Schonewille JT, Van’t Klooster AT, Dirkzwager A, Beynen AC. Stimulatory effect of an anion (chloride)-rich ration on apparent calcium absorption in dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 1994;40:233–240
  44. Swenson MJ. Physiological properties and cellular and chemical constituents of blood. In:  Swenson MJ,  Reece WO editor. Duke's Physiology of Domestic Animals. 11th ed.. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press; 1993;p. 22–48
  45. Trenkle A. The relationship between acid-base balance and protein metabolism in ruminants. In:  Hale WH,  Meinhardt P editor. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance. Piscataway, NJ: Church and Dwight Co., Inc.; 1979;p. 146–157
  46. Tucker WB, Harrison GA, Hemken RW. Influence of dietary cation-anion balance on milk, blood, urine, and rumen fluid in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 1988;71:346–354
  47. Tucker WB, Hogue JF, Waterman DF, Swenson TS, Xin Z, Hemken RW, et al. Role of sulfur and chloride in the dietary cation-anion balance equation for lactating dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 1991;69:1205–1213
  48. Vagnoni DB, Oetzel GR. Effects of dietary cation-anion difference on the acid-base status of dry cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1998;81:1643–1652
  49. Wang C, Beede DK. Effects of ammonium chloride and sulfate on acid-base status and calcium metabolism of dry Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1992;75:820–828
  50. Welbourne TC, Childress D, Givens G. Renal regulation of interorgan glutamine flow in metabolic acidosis. Am. J. Physiol. 1986;251:R859–R866
  51. West JW, Haydon KD, Mullinix BG, Sandifer TG. Dietary cation-anion balance and cation source effects on production and acid-base status of heat-stressed cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1992;75:2776–2786
  52. West JW, Mullinix BG, Sandifer TG. Changing dietary electrolyte balance for dairy cows in cool and hot environments. J. Dairy Sci. 1991;74:1662–1674
  53. Wildman CD, West JW, Bernard JK. Effect of dietary cation-anion difference and crude protein content on milk yield and blood metabolites of lactating dairy cows during hot weather. J. Dairy Sci. 2003;86(Suppl. 1):216–217(Abstr.)

PII: S0022-0302(07)71787-3

doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-514

Journal of Dairy Science
Volume 90, Issue 7 , Pages 3355-3366 , July 2007