Journal of Dairy Science
Volume 90, Issue 9 , Pages 4005-4021 , September 2007

Invited Review: Advances in Starter Cultures and Cultured Foods1

  • T.M. Cogan

      Affiliations

    • Moorepark Food Reseach Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Ireland
  • ,
  • T.P. Beresford

      Affiliations

    • Moorepark Food Reseach Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Ireland
  • ,
  • J. Steele

      Affiliations

    • University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
  • ,
  • J. Broadbent

      Affiliations

    • Utah State University, Logan 84322
  • ,
  • N.P. Shah

      Affiliations

    • Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • ,
  • Z. Ustunol

      Affiliations

    • Michigan State University, E. Lansing 48842
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.

Received 16 November 2006 ,Accepted 8 May 2007.

References 

  1. Amarita F, Requena T, Taborda G, Amigo L, Pelaez C. Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum initiate catabolism of methionine by transamination. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2001;90:971–978
  2. Antonsson M, Molin G, Ardo Y. Lactobacillus strains isolated from Danbo cheese as adjunct cultures in a cheese model system. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2003;85:159–169
  3. Arroyo L, Cotton LN, Martin JH. Evaluation of media for enumeration of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. infantis and B. longum from pure culture. Cult. Dairy Prod. J. 1994;29:2–24
  4. Baruzzi F, Morea M, Matarante A, Cocconcelli PS. Changes in the Lactobacillus community during Ricotta Forte cheese natural fermentation. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2000;89:807–814
  5. Beresford T, Williams A. The microbiology of cheese ripening. In:  Fox PF,  McSweeney PLH,  Cogan TM,  Guinee TP editor. Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology. 3rd ed.. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier; 2004;p. 287–318
  6. Berthier F, Beuvier E, Dasen A, Grappin R. Origin and diversity of mesophilic lactobacilli in Comte cheese, as revealed by PCR with repetitive and species-specific primers. Int. Dairy J. 2001;11:293–305
  7. Bolotin A, Quinquis B, Renault P, Sorokin A, Ehrlich SD, Kulakauskas S, et al. Complete sequence and comparative genome analysis of the dairy bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus. Nat. Biotechnol. 2004;22:1554–1558
  8. Bolotin A, Wincker P, Mauger S, Jaillon O, Malarme K, Weissenbach J, et al. The complete genome sequence of the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis IL1403. Genome Res. 2001;11:731–753
  9. Broadbent JR. Genetics of lactic acid bacteria. In:  Steele JL,  Marth EH editor. Applied Dairy Microbiology. 2nd ed.. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 2001;p. 243–299
  10. Broadbent JR, Steele JL. Proteolytic enzymes of lactic acid bacteria and their influence on bitterness in bacterial-ripened cheeses. In:  Caldwaller KR,  Drake MA,  McGorrin RJ editor. In Flavor of Dairy Products. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.; 2007;
  11. Broome MC, Krause DA, Hickey MW. The use of non-starter lactobacilli in Cheddar cheese manufacture. Aust. J. Dairy Tech. 1990;45:67–73
  12. Brüssow H, Bruttin A, Desiere F, Lucchini S, Foley S. Molecular ecology and evolution of Streptococcus thermophilus bacteriophages—A review. Virus Genes. 1998;16:95–109
  13. Burford MY. Enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium in milk +using oxygen-reducing membrane fraction. Cult. Dairy Prod. J. 1989;24:21–23
  14. Capra ML, Del A, Quiberoni L, Ackermann HW, Moineau S, Reinheimer JA. Characterization of a new virulent phage (MLC-A) of Lactobacillus paracasei. J. Dairy Sci. 2006;89:2414–2423
  15. Champagne CP, Roy D, Lafond A. Selective enumeration of Lactobacillus casei in yoghurt-type fermented milks based on a 15°C incubation temperature. Biotechnol. Tech. 1997;11:567–569
  16. Christensen H, Frokiaer H, Pestka JJ. Lactobacilli differentially modulate expression of cytokines and maturation surface markers in murine dentritic cells. J. Immunol. 2002;168:171–178
  17. Christensen JE, Dudley EG, Pederson JA, Steele JL. Peptidases and amino acid catabolism in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1999;76:217–246
  18. Collins EB. Enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus with the agar plate count. J. Food Prot. 1978;41:439–442
  19. Collins MD, Phillips BA, Zanoni P. Deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei sp. nov., subsp. paracasei and subsp. tolerans and Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp. nov., comb. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1989;39:105–108
  20. Crow V, Curry B, Hayes M. The ecology of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) and their use as adjuncts in New Zealand Cheddar. Int. Dairy J. 2001;11:275–283
  21. Crow VL. Metabolism of aspartate by Propionibacterium freundenreichii subsp. shermanii: Effect of lactate fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1986;52:359–365
  22. Curic M, Stuer-Lauridsen B, Renault P, Nilsson D. A general method for selection of α-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient Lactococcus lactis mutants to improve diacetyl formation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999;65:1202–1206
  23. Dave RI, Shah NP. Evaluation of media for selective enumeration of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. J. Dairy Sci. 1996;79:1529–1536
  24. de Vos WM. Metabolic engineering of sugar catabolism in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1996;70:223–242
  25. deAngelis M, Corsetti A, Tosti N, Corbo MR, Gobbetti M. Characterization of non-starter lactic acid bacteria from Italian ewe cheeses baseed on phenotypic, genotypic and cell wall protein analyses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001;67:2011–2020
  26. Dellaglio F, Felis GE, Torriani S. The status of the species Lactobacillus casei (Orla Jensen 1916) Hansen and Lessel 1971 and Lactobacillus paracasei Collins et al. 1989. Request for an opinion. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 2002;52:285–287
  27. Dicks LMT, Duplessis EM, Dellaglio F, Lauer E. Reclassification of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei ATCC 393 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 15820 as Lactobacillus zeae nom. rev., designation of ATCC 334 as the neotype of L. casei subsp. casei and rejection of the name Lactobacillus paracasei. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1996;46:337–340
  28. Dudley EG, Steele JL. Succinate production and citrate catabolism by Cheddar cheese nonstarter lactobacilli. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2005;98:14–23
  29. Duthoit F, Godon JJ, Montel MC. Bacterial community dynamics during production of registeres designation of origin Salers cheeses as evaluated by 16S rRNA gene single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003;69:3840–3848
  30. Ferain T, Hobbs JN, Richardson J, Garmyn D, Hols P, Allen NE, et al. Knockout of the two ldh genes has a major impact on peptidoglycan precursor synthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Bacteriol. 1996;178:5431–5437
  31. Fitzsimons NA, Cogan TM, Condon S, Beresford T. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of non-starter lactic acid bacteria in mature cheddar cheese. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999;65:3418–3426
  32. Fox PF, Guinee TP, Cogan TM, McSweeney PLH. Fundamentals of Cheese Science. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers; 2000;
  33. Fox PF, McSweeney PLH. Cheese: An overview. Cheese: Chemistry, Physics, and Microbiology. 3rd ed.. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Academic Press; 2004;pages 1–8
  34. Fox PF, McSweeney PLH, Lynch CM. Significance of non-starter lactic acid bacteria in Cheddar cheese. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 1998;53:83–89
  35. Franz CMAP, Holzapfel WH, Stiles ME. Enterococci at the crossroads of food safety. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1999;47:1–14
  36. Garvey P, van Sinderen D, Twomey DP, Hill C, Fitzgerald GF. Molecular genetics of bacteriophage and natural phage defense systems in the genus Lactococcus. Int. Dairy J. 1995;5:905–947
  37. Goffin P, Deghorain M, Mainardi JL, Tytgat I, Champomier-Verges MC, Kleerebezem M, et al. Lactate racemization as a rescue pathway for supplying d-lactate to the cell wall biosynthesis machinery in Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Bacteriol. 2005;187:6750–6761
  38. In:  Goldsby RA,  Kindt TJ,  Osborne BA editor. Immunology. New York, NY: Freeman and Company; 2000;
  39. Goupil-Feuillerat N, Cocaign-Bousquet M, Godon J-J, Ehr-lich SD, Renault P. Dual role of α-acetolactate decarboxylase in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. J. Bacteriol. 1997;179:6285–6293
  40. Gumalla S, Broadbent JR. Tryptophan catabolism by Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus helveticus cheese flavor adjuncts. J. Dairy Sci. 1999;82:2070–2077
  41. Gumalla S, Broadbent JR. Tyrosine and phenylalanine catabolism by Lactobacillus cheese flavor adjuncts. J. Dairy Sci. 2001;84:1011–1019
  42. Ha CL, Lee JH, Zhou HR, Ustunol Z, Pestka JJ. Effects of yogurt ingestion on mucosal and systemic cytokine gene expression in the mouse. J. Food Prot. 1999;62:181–188
  43. Heufler C, Koch F, Stanzl U, Topar G, Wysocka M, Trinchieri G, et al. Interleukin-12 is produced by dendritic cells and mediates T helper 1 development as well as interferon-γ production by T helper 1 cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 1996;26:659–664
  44. Hirschfeld M, Weis JJ, Toshchakov V, Salkowski CA, Cody MJ, Ward DC, et al. Signaling by Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 agonists results in differential gene expression in murine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 2001;69:1477–1482
  45. Horng T, Barton GM, Flavell RA, Medzhitov R. The adopter molecule TIRAP provides signaling specificity to Toll-like receptors. Nature. 2002;420:329–333
  46. Hull RR, Roberts AV. Differential enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus in yoghurt. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 1984;39:160–163
  47. Hunger W. Aesculin-cellobiose agar for the isolation and counting of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Milchwissenschaft. 1986;41:283–285
  48. International Dairy Foods Association (IDFA). Cultured Dairy Products Report. Washington, DC: IDFA; 2006;
  49. Johns FE, Gordon JF, Shapton N. The separation from yogurt cultures of Lactobacilli and Streptococci using reinforced clostridial agar at pH 5.5 and plate count agar incorporating milk. J. Soc. Dairy Technol. 1978;31:209–212
  50. Jones BW, Means T, Heldwein KA, Keen M, Hill PJ, Belisle JT, et al. Different toll-like receptor agonists induce distinct macrophage responses. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2001;60:1036–1044
  51. Jordan KN, Cogan TM. Identification and growth of non-starter lactic acid bacteria in Irish Cheddar cheese. Irish J. Agric. Food Res. 1993;32:47–55
  52. Jordan KN, Cogan TM. Heat resistance of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from Cheddar cheese. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1999;29:136–140
  53. Kaneuchi C, Seki M, Kamagata K. Production of succinic acid from citric acid and related acids by Lactobacillus strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1988;54:3053–3056
  54. Kang OJ, Vezinz LP, Laberge S, Simard RE. Some factors influencing autolysis of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus casei. J. Dairy Sci. 1998;81:639–646
  55. Kashige N, Nakashima Y, Miake F, Watanabe K. Cloning, sequence analysis and expression of Lactobacillus casei phage Pl-1 lysis genes. Arch. Virol. 2000;145:1521–1534
  56. Khalid NM, Marth EH. Proteolytic activity by strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei. J. Dairy Sci. 1990;73:3068–3076
  57. Kieronczyk A, Skeie S, Langsrud T, Yvon M. Cooperation between Lactococcus lactis and nonstarter lactobacilli in the formation of cheese aroma from amino acids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003;69:734–739
  58. Klaenhammer TR, Fitzgerald GF. Bacteriophages and bacteriophage resistance. In:  Gasson MJ,  De Vos WM editor. Genetics and Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria. London, UK: Blackie Academic and Professional; 1994;p. 106–168
  59. Kneifel W, Pacher B. An X-Glu based agar medium for the selective enumeration of L. acidophilus in yogurt related milk products. Int. Dairy J. 1993;3:277–291
  60. Laht TM, Kask S, Elias P, Adamberg K, Paalme T. Role of arginine in the development of secondary microflora in Swiss-type cheese. Int. Dairy J. 2002;12:831–840
  61. Lankaputhra WEV, Shah NP. A simple method for selective enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus in yoghurt supplemented with L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Milchwissenschaft. 1996;51:446–451
  62. Lankaputhra WEV, Shah NP, Britz ML. Evaluation of media for selective enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Food Australia. 1996;48:113–118
  63. Laroia S, Martin JH. Methods for enumerating and propagating bifidobacteria. Cult. Dairy Prod. J. 1991;26:32–33
  64. Lee SY, Vedamuthu ER, Washam CJ. An agar medium for the differential enumeration of yoghurt starter bacteria. J. Milk Food Technol. 1974;37:272–276
  65. Leuschner RGK, Hammes WP. Degradation of histamine and tyramine by Brevibacterium linens during surface ripening of Munster cheese. J. Food Prot. 1998;61:874–878
  66. Lindgren SE, Axelsson LT, McFeeters RF. Anaerobic l-lactate degradation by Lactobacillus plantarum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1990;66:209–214
  67. Lynch CM, McSweeney PLH, Fox PF, Cogan TM, Drinan FD. Manufacture of Cheddar cheeses with and without adjunct lactobacilli under controlled microbiological conditions. Int. Dairy J. 1996;6:851–867
  68. Makarova K, Slesarev A, Wolf Y, Sorokin A, Mirkin B, Koonin E, et al. Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006;103:15611–15616
  69. Marin ML, Lee JH, Murtha J, Ustunol Z, Pestka JJ. Effects of Lactobacillus spp. on cytokine production by RAW 264.7 macrophage and EL-4 thymoma cell lines. J. Food Prot. 1997;60:1364–1370
  70. Marin ML, Tejada-Simon MV, Murtha J, Ustunol Z, Pestka JJ. Differential cytokine production in clonal macrophage and T-cell lines cultured with bifidobacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 1997;80:2713–2720
  71. Marin ML, Tejada-Simon MV, Lee JH, Murtha J, Ustunol Z, Pestka JJ. Stimulation of cytokine production in clonal macrophage and T cell models by Streptococcus thermophilus: Comparison with Bifidobacterium sp. and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. J. Food Prot. 1998;61:859–864
  72. McSweeney PLH, Fox PF, Lucey JA, Jordan KN, Cogan TM. Contribution of the indigenous microflora to the maturation of Cheddar cheese. Int. Dairy J. 1993;3:613–634
  73. Medzhitov R, Janeway C. Innate immune recognition: Mechanisms and pathways. Immunol. Rev. 2000;173:89–96
  74. Mercenier A, Pavan S, Pot B. Probiotic as biotherapeutic agents: Present knowledge and future prospects. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2003;8:99–110
  75. Metchnikoff E. Prolongation of life: Optimistic studies. London, UK: William Heinemann; 1907;
  76. Miettinen M, Vuopio J, Varkila K. Production of human tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 is induced by lactic acid bacteria. Infect. Immun. 1996;64:5403–5410
  77. Munoa FJ, Pares R. Selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Bifidobacterium spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1988;54:1715–1718
  78. Naes H, Nissen-Meyer J. Purification and N-terminal amino acid sequence determination of the cell-wall bound proteinase from Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1992;138:313–318
  79. Neish A, Gewirtz AT, Zeng H, Young AN, Hobert ME, Karmali V, et al. Prokaryotic regulation of epithelia responses by inhibition of IκB-α ubiquitination. Science. 2000;289:1560–1563
  80. Nierop Groot MN, de Bont JAM. Conversion of phenylalanine to benzaldehyde initiated by an aminotransferase in Lactobacillus plantarum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1998;64:3009–3013
  81. Ogier JC, Son O, Gruss A, Ailliez PT, Delacroix-Buchet A. Identification of the bacterial microflora in dairy products by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002;68:3691–3701
  82. Onggo I, Fleet GH. Media for the isolation and enumeration of lactic acid bacteria from yoghurts. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 1993;48:89–92
  83. Oude Elferink SJWH, Krooneman J, Gottschal JC, Spoelstra SF, Faber F, Driehuis F. Anaerobic conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,3-propanediol by Lactobacillus buchneri. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001;67:125–132
  84. Palles T, Beresford T, Condon S, Cogan TM. Citrate metabolism in Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1998;85:147–154
  85. Pestka JJ, Ha CL, Warner RW, Lee JH, Ustunol Z. Effects of ingestion of yogurts containing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus acidophilus on spleen and Peyer's patch lymphocyte populations in the mouse. J. Food Prot. 2001;64:392–395
  86. Peterson SD, Marshall RT. Nonstarter lactobacilli in Cheddar cheese: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 1990;73:1395–1410
  87. Poolman B. Energy transduction in lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1993;12:125–148
  88. Puchades R, Lemieux L, Simard RE. Evolution of free amino acids during the ripening of Cheddar cheese containing added lactobacilli strains. J. Food Sci. 1989;54:885–888
  89. Ravula RR, Shah NP. Selective enumeration of Lactobacillus casei from yogurt and fermented milk drinks. Biotechnol. Tech. 1998;12:819–822
  90. Re F, Strominger JL. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 differentially activate human dendritic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2001;276:37692–37699
  91. Rea MC, Franz CMAP, Holzapfel WH, Cogan TM. Development of enterococci and production of tyramine during the manufacture and ripening of Cheddar cheese. Irish J. Agric. Food Res. 2004;43:247–258
  92. Rincon M, Anguita J, Nakamura T, Fikrig E, Flavell RA. Interleukin (IL)-6 directs the differentiation of IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 1997;185:461–467
  93. Ryan MP, Rea MC, Hill C, Ross RP. An application in Cheddar cheese manufacture for a strain of Lactococcus lactis producing a novel broad-spectrum bacteriocin, lacticin 3147. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996;62:612–619
  94. Sanchez I, Sesena S, Poveda JM, Cabezas L, Palop L. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of lactobacilli isolated from Spanish goat cheeses. Inter. J. Food Microbiol. 2005;102:355–362
  95. Sanders ME, Leonhard PJ, Sing WD, Klaenhammer TR. Conjugal strategy for construction of fast acid-producing, bacteriophage-resistant lactic streptococci for use in dairy fermentations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1986;52:1001–1007
  96. Shah NP. Probiotic bacteria: Selective enumeration, and survival in dairy foods. J. Dairy Sci. 2000;83:1–14
  97. Shah NP, Lankaputhra WEV, Britz M, Kyle WSA. Survival of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in commercial yoghurt during refrigerated storage. Int. Dairy J. 1995;5:515–521
  98. Smeianov VV, Wechter P, Broadbent JR, Hughes JE, Rodríguez B, Steele JL. Comparative high-density microarray analysis of gene expression during growth of Lactobacillus helveticus in milk vs. rich culture medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007;71:3025–3032
  99. Somers EB, Johnson ME, Wong ACL. Biofilm formation and contamination of cheese by nonstarter lactic acid bacteria in the dairy environment. J. Dairy Sci. 2001;84:1926–1936
  100. Sozzi T, Brigidi P, Mignot O, Matteuzzi D. Use of dicloxacillin for the isolation and counting of Bifidobacterium from dairy products. Lait. 1990;70:357–361
  101. Sridhar VR, Hughes JE, Welker DL, Broadbent JR, Steele JL. Identification and functional analysis of endopeptidase genes from the genomic sequence of Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ 32. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005;71:3025–3032
  102. Strom K, Sjögren J, Broberg A, Schnürer J. Lactobacillus plantarum MiLAB 393 produces the antifungal cyclic dipeptides cyclo(l-phe-l-pro) and cyclo(l-phe-trans-4-OH-l-pro) and 3 phenyllactic acid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002;68:4322–4327
  103. Sumner SS, Speckhard MC, Sumers EB, Taylor SL. Isolation of histamine producing Lactobacillus buchneri from Swiss cheese implicated in a food poisoning outbreak. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985;50:1094–1096
  104. Swearingen PA, O'Sullivan DJ, Warthesen JJ. Isolation, characterization, and influence of native nonstarter lactic acid bacteria on Cheddar cheese quality. J. Dairy Sci. 2001;84:50–59
  105. Swindell SR, Benson KH, Griffin HG, Renault P, Ehrlich SD, Gasson MJ. Genetic manipulation of the pathway for diacetyl metabolism in Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996;62:2641–2643
  106. Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2003;21:335–376
  107. Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Takada H, Ogawa T, et al. Differential role of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity. 1999;11:443–451
  108. Tannock G. In:  Tannock G editors. Probiotics and Prebiotics — Where are we going?. Wymondham, UK: Caister Academic Press; 2002;
  109. Tanous C, Kieronczyk A, Helinck S, Chambellon E, Yvon M. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity: A major criterion for the selection of flavour producing lactic acid bacterial strains. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2002;82:271–278
  110. Tejada-Simon MV, Lee JH, Ustunol Z, Pestka JJ. Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium to potentiate immunoglobulin A response to cholera toxin in mice. J. Dairy Sci. 1999;82:649–660
  111. Tejada-Simon MV, Ustunol Z, Pestka JJ. Ex vivo effects of lactobacilli, streptococci and bifidobacteria ingestion on cytokine and nitric oxide production in a murine model. J. Food Prot. 1999;62:162–169
  112. Teraguchi S, Uehara M, Ogasa K, Mitsuoka T. Enumeration of bifidobacteria in dairy products. Jpn. J. Bacteriol. 1978;33:753–761
  113. Tharmaraj N, Shah NP. Selective enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Propionibacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 2003;86:2288–2296
  114. Thomas TD. Acetate production from lactate and citrate by non-starter bacteria in Cheddar cheese. N.Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol. 1987;22:25–38
  115. Tzanetakis N, Litoppoulou-Tzanetaki E, Vafopoulou-Mastrojiannaki A. Effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus on microbiology and chemistry of Teleme cheese. Lebens. Wiss. Technol. 1991;24:173–176
  116. van de Guchte M, Penaud S, Grimaldi C, Barbe V, Bryson K, Nicolas P, et al. The complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus bulgaricus reveals extensive and ongoing reductive evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006;103:9274–9279
  117. Vasquez A, Molin G, Pettersson B, Antonsson M, Ahrne S. DNA-based classification and sequence heterogeneities in the 16S rRNA genes of Lactobacillus casei/paracasei and related species. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 2005;28:430–441
  118. Westby A, Nuraida L, Owens JD, Gibbs PA. Inability of Lactobacillus plantarum and other lactic acid bacteria to grow on d-ribose as sole source of fermentable carbohydrate. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1993;75:168–175
  119. Wijsman MR, Johanna LP, Hereijgers M, Groote JMFH. Selective enumeration of bifidobacteria in fermented dairy products. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 1989;43:395–405
  120. Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H, Sanjo H, Uematsu S, Kaisho T, et al. Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signaling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4. Nature. 2002;420:324–328
  121. Yvon M, Berthelot S, Gripon JC. Adding α-ketoglutarate to semi-hard cheese curd highly enhances the conversion of amino acids to aroma compounds. Int. Dairy J. 1998;8:889–898

PII: S0022-0302(07)71858-1

doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-765

Journal of Dairy Science
Volume 90, Issue 9 , Pages 4005-4021 , September 2007