Efficiency of serum protein removal from skim milk with ceramic and polymeric membranes at 50°C¹

Mean (n=3) change in transmembrane pressure with time of processing at retentate inlet (TMP_i) and outlet (TMP_o) of the membrane: a) TMP_i (■) and TMP_o (□) of uniform transmembrane pressure system; b) TMP_i (▴) and TMP_o (▵) of graded permeability system; c) TMP_i (♦) and (◊) TMP_o of spiral wound system.

Mean (n = 3) flux of ceramic uniform transmembrane pressure (■), ceramic graded permeability (▴), and polymeric spiral-wound (♦) membranes during processing of skim milk at 50°C.

Changes in Hunter L (whiteness) color values of uniform transmembrane pressure permeate (▴), graded permeability permeate (◊) and spiral wound permeate (■) during processing of skim milk.

Appearance of microfiltration permeates (composite sample) from left to right: ceramic uniform transmembrane pressure (UTP), ceramic graded permeability (GP), and polymeric spiral wound (SW).

The proteins in skim milk and the microfiltration permeates produced by ceramic uniform transmembrane pressure (UTP), polymeric spiral wound (SW), and ceramic graded permeability (GP) membranes separated using SDS-PAGE. Bands in skim milk are identified on the gel: SP1, SP2, and SP3 = serum proteins; CN1 = α_S-CN (combination of α_S1 and α_S2-CN); CN2 = β-CN; CN4 = κ-CN; CN3, CN5, and CN6 = proteolysis products of casein; SP4 = β-LG; and SP5 = α-LA.

The proteins in skim milk and the microfiltration retentates produced by ceramic uniform transmembrane pressure (UTP), polymeric spiral wound (SW), and graded permeability (GP) membranes separated using SDS-PAGE. Bands in skim milk are identified on the gel: SP1 and SP2 = serum proteins; CN1 = α_S-CN (combination of α_S1 and α_S2-CN); CN2 = β-CN; CN4 = κ-CN; CN3, CN5, and CN6 = proteolysis products of casein; SP3 = β-LG; and SP4 = α-LA.