Effect of whey protein on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts

Effect of whey protein (0.02 or 0.1mg/mL) on osteoblast growth. Results are expressed as the mean ± SE. *P<0.05: significant differences compared with control group.

Effect of whey protein (0.02 or 0.1mg/mL) on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Results are expressed as the mean ± SE. *P<0.05: significant differences compared with control group.

Effect of whey protein (0.02 or 0.1mg/mL) on osteocalcin content. Results are expressed as the mean ± SE. **P<0.01: significant differences compared with control group.

Effect of whey protein (0.02 or 0.1mg/mL) on IGF-I content. Results are expressed as the mean ± SE. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01: significant differences compared with control group.

A) Total RNA electrophoresis; B) reverse transcription-PCR products of GAPDH in osteoblasts; C) reverse transcription-PCR of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in osteoblasts; D) reverse transcription-PCR products of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts. M=DNA marker; lane 1=control group; lane 2=low-dose group (0.02mg/mL of whey protein); lane 3=high-dose group (0.1mg/mL of whey protein).