Invited review: The welfare of dairy cattle—Key concepts and the role of science

Three overlapping areas of welfare concern. Redrawn from Fraser et al. (1997).

Average feeding time (min/d) of healthy, mildly metritic, and severely metritic Holstein dairy cows from 13 d before until 21 d after calving. Redrawn from Huzzey et al. (2007).

Number of rewarded and unrewarded visits per day by calves fed milk ad libitum or 4L/d. Redrawn from Vieira et al. (2008).

Percentage of time cows spent on pasture when allowed free access between a free-stall barn and adjacent pasture. Redrawn from Legrand et al. (2009).