Variability of mammary blood flow in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows during the first twelve weeks of lactation

Color Doppler sonogram of the right pudendoepigastric trunk on d 84 postpartum in pulsed-wave mode. The Doppler wave of the pudendoepigastric trunk is seen on the left and the pudendoepigastric trunk and Doppler window are seen on the right (color version available in the online pdf).

Schematic representation of a Doppler wave with maximum systolic (S), minimum diastolic (M), end diastolic (D), and time-averaged maximum frequency shift (TAMF) during one cardiac cycle.

Correlations between total blood flow volume (BFV, in L/min) and milk yield (MY, in kg) of cows in the second (blue, L2) and cows in the third and fourth (red, L3 and L4) lactation on d 56 postpartum (color version available in the online pdf).