Invited review: Physiological properties of bioactive peptides obtained from whey proteins

Physiological framework of bioactivity of whey peptides.

Alternative modes of bioactive peptide generation. Peptide release and synthesis pathways.

Schematic representation of the renin-angiotensin system, demonstrating the balance between angiotensin and bradykinin. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a central role in converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II and in deactivating bradykinin.

Evolution in degree of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, upon breakdown of selected whey peptides.

Action of atypical opioid peptides onto specific receptors (σ, μ, κ) and physiological effects thereof. X₁ and X₂ represent generic endo amino acid residues.