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The present study investigated the effect of a high proportion of different forage species in the diet, parity, milking time, and days in milk (DIM) on milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, n-6, and n-3 in dairy cows. Swards with perennial ryegrass [early maturity stage (EPR) and late maturity stage (LPR)], festulolium, tall fescue (TF), red clover (RC), and white clover (WC) were cut in the primary growth, wilted, and ensiled without additives. Thirty-six Danish Holstein cows in an incomplete Latin square design were fed ad libitum with total mixed rations containing a high forage proportion (70% on dry matter basis). The total mixed rations differed only in forage source, which was either 1 of the 6 pure silages or a mixture of LPR silage with either RC or WC silage (50:50 on dry matter basis). Proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk FA was affected by diet, and RC and WC diets resulted in the highest proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk FA (21.6 and 21.8 g/kg of FA, respectively). The highest and lowest milk C18:3n-3 proportion was observed in WC and LPR, respectively. In addition, WC diet resulted in highest transfer efficiency of C18:3n-3 from feed to milk (12.2%) followed by RC diet (10.7%), whereas EPR diet resulted in the lowest transfer efficiency of C18:3n-3 (3.45%). The highest milk proportion of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was observed in cows fed TF (3.20 g/kg of FA), which was 23 to 64% higher than the proportion observed in the cows fed the other diets. The highest α-tocopherol concentration (µg/mL) in milk was observed in EPR (1.15), LPR (1.10), and festulolium (1.06). Primiparous cows showed higher proportion of cis-9,trans-11 CLA (2.63 g/kg of FA) than multiparous cows (2.21 g/kg of FA). Cows early in lactation had a higher proportion of long-chain FA in milk than cows later in lactation, as long-chain FA decreased with 0.184 g/kg of FA per DIM, whereas medium-chain FA increased with 0.181 g/kg of FA per DIM. Proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk from evening milking was higher than in milk from morning milking (16.7 vs. 15.8 g/kg of FA). In conclusion, the results showed that milk FA profile of cows was affected by forage source in the diet, and RC and WC increased the health-promoting FA components, particularly n-3, whereas the TF diet increased proportion of CLA isomers in milk. Proportion of CLA isomers in milk FA from primiparous cows was higher than in milk from multiparous cows. In addition, evening milk contained more FA originating from diets compared with morning milk.
). However, milk contains several bioactive fatty acids (FA) such as CLA isomers and essential FA of the n-6 and n-3 series, which are beneficial for human health (
Although UFA in the cow diet is prone to an extensively biohydrogenation (BH) in the rumen, it is possible to manipulate milk FA via the cows' diet. For this reason, the effect of diets on cows' milk production and composition has received a great deal of attention (
). Green forages contain high proportions of C18:3n-3 and C18:2n-6 in total FA and despite a low lipid content, green forages often represent the main source of UFA in the diet (
). Milk from cows fed a high proportion of green forages is known to contain higher UFA proportion compared with milk from cows fed a diet with a low proportion of green forages (
). The literature suggests that the effect of forage type on milk FA profile can partially be explained by differences in FA intake; however, milk from cows fed red clover silage compared with milk from cows fed grass silage had higher proportion of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3, in spite of much lower intakes of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 (
reported a significant effect of lactation stage on milk FA profile. It has been reported that secondary metabolites in plants, such as polyphenols, decreased lipolysis by 25% during a 6- to 8-h incubation, resulting in lower BH (
A comparison between feeding systems (pasture and TMR) and the effect of vitamin E supplementation on plasma and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cows.
Effect of replacing grass silage with red clover silage on ruminal lipid metabolism in lactating cows fed diets containing a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio.
). Grass and legume silages have higher content of α-tocopherol than hay, corn silage, or cereal whole crop silage, as mirrored in the concentrations of α-tocopherol in milk from cows fed different roughages (
), but the natural stereoisomer, RRR-α-tocopherol, has been shown to be transferred to the milk at concentrations several fold higher than the synthetic stereoisomers (
The main objective of the present study was to examine the effect of feeding 5 different species of both grass and clover at 70% inclusion levels in the diet on milk FA profile, transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, n-6 and n-3, and milk α-tocopherol concentration in dairy cows. In addition, the effect of parity, milking time, and DIM on milk FA profile was examined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The animal experiment and care of the animals during study complied with the guidelines of
Detailed description of experimental procedure, design, and experimental diets, growth of forages and preparation of experimental silages were reported by
. Briefly, the experimental fields with pure perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), festulolium (Festulolium braunii K.A.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were mown in the primary growth, wilted in the field, chopped, and ensiled in bales without additives. Festulolium, tall fescue, and half of the perennial ryegrass (early) were mown May 21, 2015, whereas the remaining perennial ryegrass (late), red clover, and white clover were mown 13 d later. Twelve primiparous (DIM: 59 ± 12, mean ± SD) and 24 multiparous (DIM: 95 ± 64) Danish Holstein cows in an 8 × 8 incomplete Latin square design with 4 periods of 21 d were used for the experiment. Primiparous and multiparous cows were housed separately in 2 groups in a loose-housing system with concrete floor and cubicles. All cows were fed ad libitum (7–10% orts) with TMR diets containing 70% forage (DM basis), divided into 2 daily meals fed at 0800 and 1600 h in Insentec feed troughs, where each cow was allocated to one trough throughout the experiment. Cows had free access to water. Experimental diets only differed in forage source, which was silage of either early perennial ryegrass (EPR), festulolium (FEST), tall fescue (TF), late perennial ryegrass (LPR), 50% red clover:50% late perennial ryegrass (RC-LPR), 50% white clover:50% late perennial ryegrass (WC-LPR), red clover (RC), or white clover (WC). The concentrate part consisted of soybean meal (400 g/kg of concentrate DM), rolled wheat (527 g/kg of concentrate DM), mineral and vitamin premix (61.7 g/kg of concentrate DM), salt (7.3 g/kg of concentrate DM), and titanium dioxide (4.17 g/kg of concentrate DM). The CP concentration of the LPR diet was adjusted with urea to avoid undersupply with N. The cows were milked twice daily at 0545 and 1645 h in a milking parlor. Milk yield was recorded for each milking and milk samples for FA analysis were taken in the evening at d 18 and in the morning at d 19 in each period. Concurrently, an additional milk sample was taken and was analyzed for fat, protein, and lactose monohydrate (Eurofins Steins Laboratorium, Vejen, Denmark). The TMR samples were taken daily the last 4 d of each period and DM was determined to calculate DMI.
Fatty Acid Analysis
The FA of individual feedstuffs and milk were extracted in a mixture of methanol and chloroform (
. Feed samples was hydrolyzed with 3 M HCl for 1 h at 80°C before extraction. For quantification the milk FA, C17:0 (hectadecanoic acid, Sigma-Aldrich) was used as internal standard (
. In this procedure, extracted samples were methylated with 0.8 mL of NaOH (2%) in methanol, followed by excess addition of 1.0 mL of boron trifluoride reagent. Finally, FAME were extracted with 2.0 mL heptane. A GC (Hewlett Packard 6890, Agilent Technologies) equipped with a capillary column of 30 m × 0.32 mm i.d., 0.25 µm thickness (Omegawax 320; Supelco, Sigma-Aldrich), with an automatic column injector (Hewlett Packard 7673) and a flame-ionization detector were used for quantifying the FA as FAME. The initial temperature was set at 170°C and increased at a rate of 2°C/min to 200°C, held for 5 min and finally raised to 220°C at a rate of 5°C/min. Peaks were identified by comparison of retention times with external standards (GLC 68C, Nu-Prep Chek) for long-chain FA (LCFA).
α-Tocopherol Analysis
The concentration of α-tocopherol in individual feedstuffs and milk samples was analyzed by HPLC after saponification and extraction into heptane, according to
. A PerkinElmer HS-5-Silica column (4 × 125 mm) was used for α-tocopherol analyses.
Calculations and Statistical Analysis
Intake of FA and α-tocopherol was calculated based on DMI, diet composition, and FA and α-tocopherol concentration measured in individual feedstuffs. Daily production of C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, n-6, n-3, and α-tocopherol were calculated based on milk yield and concentration in milk and summed for morning and evening milking. Transfer efficiency was calculated as daily production over daily intake. Milk yield, milk composition, α-tocopherol, and milk FA profile were analyzed statistically using the mixed model procedure by SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute). The following statistical model was used:
Yijkltm = μ + Di + Mj + Pk + Nl + βt + cm + εijkltm,
where Y were the individual dependent variables (n = 288), μ was the average of all observations, D was the fixed effect of diet (i = EPR, FEST, TF, LPR, RC-LPR, WC-LPR, RC, WC), M was the fixed effect of milking time (j = morning, evening), P was the fixed effect of parity (k = primiparous, multiparous), N was the fixed effect of period (l = 1–4), β was the regression coefficient for DIM (t), c was the random effect of cow (m = 1– 36), and εijkltm was the random residual error assumed to be independent and N(0,σ). Experimental unit was cow × period, and measures within cow × period (n = 2, morning and evening milking) were handled as repeated measures with a compound symmetry covariance structure. Because DMI was recorded on daily basis, effect of milking time was removed from the model when analyzing data regarding intake and transfer efficiency of FA and α-tocopherol (n = 144). As no 2-way interactions were evident, the interactions were not included in the model. Least squares means for the main effect of diet was extracted from the model and are presented in Tables 2 to 5. Differences between least squares means were evaluated with the Tukey-Kramer test at P < 0.05.
RESULTS
Fatty Acid Composition of Feed Ingredients
The FA profiles of feed ingredients are presented in Table 1. Among the forage species, white clover had highest FA concentration (20.9 g/kg of DM), whereas late perennial ryegrass had lowest FA concentration (11.8 g/kg of DM). The proportion of C18:2n-6 in forages varied from 128 g/kg of FA in tall fescue to 193 g/kg of FA in red clover. The C18:3n-3 FA constituted the major part of all FA from 517 g/kg of FA in red clover to 601 g/kg of FA in tall fescue. The concentration of α-tocopherol was 4 times as high in white clover as in red clover (42.7 vs. 11.0 mg/kg of DM), grasses were in between (20.5–35.4 mg/kg of DM) and concentration was only 4 to 8 mg/kg in the concentrate feedstuffs.
Table 1Total fatty acid (FA) concentration, fatty acid proportion, and α-tocopherol concentration of forage species (n = 4) and concentrate (n = 2) included in the diets (mean ± SD)
Dry matter intake and total FA intake were affected by diet (Table 2; P < 0.01). Highest C18:2n-6 intake was observed in cows fed RC (113 g/d) and WC (116 g/d), whereas it was lowest in cows fed LPR (82 g/d) and TF (83 g/d). Intake of C18:3n-3 varied from 89 g/d when cows were fed LPR to 184 g/d when cows were fed WC. Highest α-tocopherol intake was observed in cows fed WC diet (0.70 g/d).
Table 2Intake of DM, FA, and α-tocopherol of cows fed different forage species
Milk production was affected by diet (P < 0.01) and was highest for cows fed WC, RC, and WC-LPR diets (Table 3). Morning milk production (16.4 kg) was higher than evening milk production (14.9 kg; P < 0.01). However, fat and protein concentration in milk from evening was higher than in milk from morning (4.75 vs. 4.25 and 3.57 vs. 3.53%, respectively, P < 0.01).
Table 3Milk production and composition of cows fed different forage species
Concentration of α-tocopherol in milk was highest in cows fed EPR, LPR, and FEST (1.06–1.15 µg/mL) and lowest in cows fed WC and WC-LPR (0.56–0.67 µg/mL). Concentration of α-tocopherol was higher in milk from evening compared with milk from morning (0.96 vs. 0.83 µg/mL; P < 0.01).
Regression analysis of milk yield on DIM showed that milk yield per milking decreased with 0.02 kg (total 0.04 kg/d; P < 0.01). However, regression coefficient for milk fat and protein concentration on DIM showed an increase of 0.002 and 0.003 percentage unit/d, respectively (P < 0.01; results not shown in tables). The DIM had no significant effect on yield of milk α-tocopherol.
Milk Fatty Acid
The effect of diets on milk FA proportion is presented in Table 4. Proportion of C18:0 in milk varied from 61.4 to 79.6 g/kg of FA in cows fed LPR and TF, respectively. Proportion of C18:1n-9 in milk FA was higher for cows fed TF (174 g/kg of FA) than for cows fed all other diets (130 to 138 g/kg of FA). The pure clover diets (WC and RC) resulted in a higher proportion of C18:2n-6 in milk FA (21.6 to 21.8 g/kg of FA, respectively) than the pure grass diets (EPR, FEST, TF and LPR, 12.9 to 14.2 g/kg of FA), whereas the mixed diets (RC-LPR and WC-LPR) were in between (15.9 and 16.8 g/kg of FA, respectively). Milk proportion of the chain elongated FA, C20:2n-6, followed the same trend as for C18:2n-6 and was highest in RC and WC diets. Interestingly, the opposite was the case for the chain elongated and further Δ6 desaturated FA (C22:5n-6).
Table 4Milk fatty acid proportion (g/kg of total FA) of cows fed different forage species
MT = milking time. Two-way interactions were not observed. LSM for C18:2n-6, cis-9,trans-11 CLA, trans-10,cis-12 CLA, and total trans C18:1 for parity are presented in Figure 1. In addition, LSM for C18:0, C18:2n-6, MCFA, and LCFA for morning and evening milk are presented in Figure 2.
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means for parity and milking time are presented in Supplemental Table S1 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
1 EPR = early perennial ryegrass; FEST = festulolium; TF = tall fescue; LPR = late perennial ryegrass; RC-LPR = 50% red clover:50% late perennial ryegrass; WC-LPR = 50% white clover:50% late perennial ryegrass; RC = red clover; WC = white clover.
2 Values for clover diets are presented. SEM for the 4 grass diets is slightly lower.
3 MT = milking time. Two-way interactions were not observed. LSM for C18:2n-6, cis-9,trans-11 CLA, trans-10,cis-12 CLA, and total trans C18:1 for parity are presented in Figure 1. In addition, LSM for C18:0, C18:2n-6, MCFA, and LCFA for morning and evening milk are presented in Figure 2.
Total trans C18:1 proportion in milk was affected by diet (P < 0.01) and was higher in cows fed TF (14.1 g/kg of FA) than in cows fed the other diets (8.58 to 10.8 g/kg of FA). The highest proportion of c9, t11 CLA in milk FA was observed in cows fed TF (3.20 g/kg of FA), whereas cows fed LPR had the lowest proportion of c9,t11 CLA (where c = cis and t = trans; 1.95 g/kg of FA). Proportion of t10,c12 CLA in milk FA was higher in cows fed TF (0.20 g/kg of FA) than in cows fed FEST, LPR, RC-LPR, and WC-LPR (0.13 to 0.14 g/kg of FA).
Milk SFA proportion was affected by diet (P < 0.01), and TF diet had the lowest proportion of SFA (789 g/kg of FA) and highest proportion of UFA (210 g/kg of FA) in milk. Cows fed RC and WC produced milk with higher PUFA proportion (48.1 and 50.5 g/kg of FA) than cows fed RC-LPR and WC-LPR (34.8 and 35.6 g/kg of FA), which again produced milk with a higher PUFA proportion than cows fed EPR, FEST, LPR, and TF (26.0–30.2 g/kg of FA). Similarly, milk FA proportion of n-6 and n-3 were highest in RC and WC diets, and the n-3 proportion was higher for WC than for RC diet.
Transfer Efficiency and Nutritional Indices of Milk Fatty Acids
Transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6 (Table 5) was affected by diets (P < 0.01) and was higher in cows fed WC and RC diets than the cows fed WC-LPR, FEST, LPR, and EPR diets. Similarly, transfer efficiency for C18:3n-3 was highest in cows fed pure clover diets (10.7–12.2%), intermediate in cows fed mixed diets (7.50–8.32%) and lowest in cows fed pure grass diets (3.45–4.85%). Transfer efficiency of n-6 FA varied from 25.7 to 26.2% in cows fed pure clover diets to 22.2 to 25.3% in cows fed pure grass diets. Transfer efficiency of n-3 FA ranged from 4.7% in cows fed EPR to 14.2% in cows fed RC. α-Tocopherol transfer efficiency ranged from 2.60% in cows fed WC to 11.8% in cows fed RC.
Table 5Transfer efficiency to milk and nutritional indices of milk
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
Means within a row with different subscript differ according to Tukey's test (P < 0.05). LS-means of transfer efficiency for parity are presented in Supplemental Table S2 (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/BBRDVC).
The lowest C18:2n-6 to C18:3n-3 ratio was found in milk from cows fed WC and RC (1.29 and 1.42, respectively), whereas the highest ratio was found in milk from cows fed LPR (3.20). The same trend was observed for the ratio of n-6 to n-3 in milk.
Effect of Parity, DIM, and Milking Time on Milk Fatty Acid Profile
Figure 1Effect of parity on proportion of C18:2n-6 (P = 0.08, A); cis-9,trans-11 (P < 0.01, B), trans-10,cis-12 CLA (P < 0.01, C), and total trans C18:1 (P = 0.03, D) in milk. Error bars represent the SEM.
Regression analysis of proportion of C16:1n-9, C18:0, and C18:1n-9 in milk FA on DIM showed that the proportions changed with −0.001 (P = 0.01), −0.086 (P < 0.01), and −0.088 (P = 0.05) g/kg of FA per day, respectively (regression coefficients not shown in tables). Proportion of medium-chain FA (MCFA) in milk FA increased with increased DIM (0.181 g/kg of FA per day, P < 0.01), whereas proportion of LCFA in milk FA decreased with increased DIM (−0.184 g/kg of FA per day, P < 0.01). In addition, proportions of C16:0 and C16:1n-7 increased by 0.122 (P = 0.03) and 0.034 (P < 0.01) g/kg of FA per day, respectively, and proportions of total trans C18:1, C18:3n-6, and C20:0 decreased by 0.012 (P < 0.01), 0.0013 (P = 0.03), and 0.0006 (P = 0.03) g/kg of FA per day, respectively, with increased DIM.
Proportion of C18:0 and C18:2n-6 in morning and evening milk is shown in Figure 2a and b, respectively, and for both FA, the proportion was lower in morning milk than in evening milk. Generally, higher proportion of C6:0 to C16:0 was observed in morning milk than in evening milk (P < 0.01; Supplemental Table S1), with the exception of C14:1, where the proportion did not differ between morning and evening milk (P = 0.27). For unsaturated C16 FA and C17 to C20 FA, where milking time affected the proportion (Table 4), the proportion was lower in milk from morning than in milk from evening, with exception of C18:3n-6, where the proportion was lower in the evening. In addition, the results showed a higher proportion of MCFA in morning milk than in evening milk (609 vs. 596 g/kg of FA, respectively; Figure 2c). Consistently, proportion of LCFA in morning milk (248 g/kg of FA) was lower than in evening milk (267 g/kg of FA, Figure 2d).
Figure 2Effect of morning and evening milking on proportion of C18:0 (P < 0.01, A), C18:2n-6 (P < 0.01, B) medium-chain fatty acid (P < 0.01, C), and long-chain fatty acid (P < 0.01, D) in milk. Error bars represent the SEM.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the response in milk FA composition when cows were fed diets containing a high proportion of different forage species, as well as the effect of parity, DIM, and milking time. Results for nutrient intake and milk production, apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients, and drinking and eating behavior have been presented and discussed previously (
reported a high variation in proportion of especially C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 in different forage species. Although all diets had the same proportion of forage, there were differences in FA intake among diets, which was a result of differences in both diet FA composition and DMI. The low α-tocopherol concentration seen in red clover silage may be a consequence of the activity of endogenous plant enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (
), which may cause a α-tocopherol oxidation. A higher polyphenol oxidase activity has been proved in red clover when it is exposed to stresses such as wilting (
Immunogold labelling to localize polyphenol oxidase (PPO) during wilting of red clover leaf tissue and the effect of removing cellular matrices on PPO protection of glycerol-based lipid in the rumen.
Inclusion of different forage species in the diets resulted in a significant change in milk yield and composition, which demonstrated that diets did not supply equal amounts of nutrients for milk production as comprehensively discussed by
. Lower fat, protein, and α-tocopherol concentration in morning milk can be due to a dilution effect of higher milk production. Similar trends for fat and protein concentration were reported by
, who found that fat and protein concentrations were higher in evening milk than in morning milk. Milk fat and protein concentration increased as the DIM progressed. This pattern is likely due to decreased milk production (
Milk α-tocopherol concentration in the present study was lower than those reported for dairy cows fed grass-birdsfoot trefoil silage (1.63) and red clover silage (1.57 µg/mL;
Effect of legume–grass silages and α-tocopherol supplementation on fatty acid composition and α-tocopherol, β-carotene and retinol concentrations in organically produced bovine milk.
Effect of legume–grass silages and α-tocopherol supplementation on fatty acid composition and α-tocopherol, β-carotene and retinol concentrations in organically produced bovine milk.
Effect of legume–grass silages and α-tocopherol supplementation on fatty acid composition and α-tocopherol, β-carotene and retinol concentrations in organically produced bovine milk.
Effect of legume–grass silages and α-tocopherol supplementation on fatty acid composition and α-tocopherol, β-carotene and retinol concentrations in organically produced bovine milk.
was 5 to 6%. Although the highest α-tocopherol intake was observed in WC diet, milk α-tocopherol concentration was lowest in milk from cows fed WC, resulting in a transfer efficiency of only 2.97%. The results therefore indicated that transfer efficiency and hence milk α-tocopherol concentration is highly influenced by forage species, and not directly related to α-tocopherol intake. In agreement with our findings,
Effects of RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation during the transition period on vitamin status in blood and milk of organic dairy cows during lactation.
reported different milk α-tocopherol concentrations from cows fed different forage species. In the present study, red clover silages were considerably lower in α-tocopherol content than the other silages but had the highest α-tocopherol transfer efficiency. There was no effect of DIM on milk α-tocopherol yield, even though milk yield decreased with increased DIM. Therefore, α-tocopherol concentration in milk tended to be higher later in lactation than earlier in lactation.
Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Transfer Efficiency
The 2 clover species increased both intake and transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3, resulting in higher C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 proportion in milk compared with the grass-based diets. The higher proportion of milk C18:2n-6 in RC compared with grass diets could be explained by reduced rumen lipolysis due to polyphenol oxidase activity (
) may be an explanation for higher transfer efficiency of C18:3n-3 to milk in cows fed clover diets than in cows fed grass diets because of low rumen BH in polar lipid fraction (
also reported a higher proportion of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 in milk from cows fed clover diets compared with grass diets. Similarly, a higher proportion of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 in milk from cows fed clover diets compared with grass diets has been reported in spite of lower intake in clover diets (
). In the present study, the transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6 was at the upper end (21–26%) of the reported range, which could be due to the high proportion of forage in diets, in agreement with
Comparative potential of white and red clover to modify the milk fatty acid profile of cows fed ryegrass-based diets from zero-grazing and silage systems.
Proportion of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 in milk FA of cows fed RC-LPR and WC-LPR was in between that of cows fed LPR and pure clover diets (RC and WC) showing that increasing the legume proportion seems to increase PUFA proportion in milk linearly. The most common desaturation and elongation pathways are considered occurring via the Δ6 desaturase and elongation pathway (
Effect of supplementation of the maternal diet with fish oil or linseed oil on fatty-acid composition and expression of Δ5-and Δ6-desaturase in tissues of female piglets.
). However, the occurrence of both C20:2n-6 and C20:3n-3 indicates that Δ8 desaturase also play a role in the synthesis of long chained PUFA in milk. Thus, it indicated that Δ8 desaturase convert these C20 FA to C20:3n-6 and C20:4n-3 in the mammary glands (
), whereby the rate limiting Δ6 desaturase and elongation pathway might be bypassed.
Diet effects on proportion of BH intermediates in milk FA showed that forage species affected the formation of BH intermediates in the rumen. The highest proportion of CLA isomers, total trans C18:1, and final product of BH (C18:0), in milk FA of cows fed TF may be due to increased lipolysis of esterified lipid compared with other diets. It has been proposed that difference in rate and extent of lipolysis affects kinetics of ruminal BH (
reported higher milk t10,c12 CLA and t11 C18:1 proportion in cows fed TF silage compared with timothy silage.
The different proportion of C6:0 to C12:0 and short-chain FA (SCFA) in milk of cows fed different diets demonstrated that the availability of acetate and BHB for de novo FA synthesis in mammary gland may be affected by diets. Although highest NDF concentration and highest amount of NDF digested were observed in TF (
), proportion of SCFA and MCFA in milk were lowest in cows fed TF. This could indicate that the de novo FA synthesis in TF in the mammary gland was affected by UFA, probably ruminal BH intermediates (
). The highest proportion of CLA isomers and total trans C18:1 in milk FA of cows fed TF may show the changes in ruminal BH pattern associated with the lower de novo synthesis of MCFA and C16:0 (
Effect of Parity, DIM, and Milking Time on Milk FA Proportion
The lack of effect of parity on C16 and C18 proportion in milk, with the exception of total trans C18:1 and CLA isomers, showed that cows with different parities may have the same potency in transferring FA from diets to milk. In accordance with the lower transfer efficiency of C18:2n-6 and a tendency for a lower milk C18:2n-6 proportion, proportion of c9,t11 CLA, t10,c12 CLA, and total trans C18:1 in milk FA was higher in primiparous cows compared with multiparous cows. In agreement with our findings,
Effect of substituting soybean meal and canola cake with grain-based dried distillers grains with solubles as a protein source on feed intake, milk production, and milk quality in dairy cows.
reported higher proportion of c9,t11 CLA and t11 C18:1 in milk FA of primiparous cows compered to multiparous cows in diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles. Our results indicated that parity may affect BH intermediates in milk FA, probably due to the formation of BH intermediates in the rumen. The higher proportion of BH intermediates in milk FA from primiparous cows than the multiparous cows could be due to lower DMI in primiparous than in multiparous cows and differences in feeding behavior. Lower eating and ruminating activity of primiparous than multiparous cows can be an explanation for higher BH intermediates (
), as a lower ruminating activity may result in a higher rumen retention time in primiparous cows and a more opportunity to rumen microorganisms for BH. In addition, feeding behavior and DMI, by affecting the degradability and availability of nutrient in rumen, may have affected microbial community, resulting in difference in formation of BH intermediates.
) in different stages of lactation is probably the reason for the significant effect of DIM on milk FA profile. Different regression coefficients of milk FA on DIM could also be related to difference in pattern of FA oxidation and differential incorporation of FA into body fat resources. Because cows used in the present study were in mid and late lactation, negative regression coefficients on DIM for proportion of LCFA, C18:1n-9, and C18:0 in milk FA may be due to less mobilization and more deposition of FA with increasing DIM. In addition, a positive regression coefficient on DIM of MCFA proportion in milk FA reflect that de novo FA synthesis in the mammary gland makes up an increased proportion of milk FA with increasing DIM.
In the present study, difference in milk FA profile between milk from morning and evening may be related to feeding behavior. In the present study, TMR was fed in 2 equal daily meals and offered at 0800 and 1600 h; 65% of TMR was eaten from 0600 to 1900 h (during daytime), and the rest (35%) was eaten from 1900 to 0600 h (during night time, results not shown). Higher DMI, containing preformed FA such as LCFA, during daytime can be an explanation for increased LCFA in evening milk. Increased proportion of MCFA in morning milk may also reflect higher feed degradation and increased precursors for mammary de novo milk FA synthesis in the mammary gland for morning milk. In agreement with our findings, higher proportion of C18 FA originated from diets in evening milk has been reported already (
Effects of supplementation of maize silage diets with extruded linseed, vitamin E and plant extracts rich in polyphenols, and morning v. evening milking on milk fatty acid profiles in Holstein and Montbéliarde cows.
). Unequal milking interval may be a reason for significant effect of milking time on milk FA profile. In agreement with our findings, a time dependent variation in milk FA profile was reported by
, who found that the mammary uptake of precursors for de novo FA synthesis was affected when the milking interval reached at least 16 h.
CONCLUSIONS
Inclusion of WC and RC in the diet for dairy cows improved milk FA profile by increasing n-6 and n-3 FA, whereas CLA isomers were highest in milk from TF fed cows. Further, Δ8 desaturases may play a larger role in desaturation of n-6 and n-3 milk FA than previous considered. Milk FA of primiparous cows compared with multiparous cows contained higher proportion of CLA isomers, and milk from evening milking contained more FA originating from diets compared with milk from morning milking.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The study formed part of the projects “Optimal milk production with grasses and legumes” and “Grassmilk” funded by the Danish Milk Levy Fund (Mælkeafgiftsfonden), and The Fund for Organic Farming (Fonden for Økologisk Landbrug). The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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