Advertisement
Research-Article| Volume 66, ISSUE 7, P1419-1435, July 1983

Download started.

Ok

Homogenized Milk and Atherosclerotic Disease: A Review

Open ArchiveDOI:https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81956-0
Homogenized Milk and Atherosclerotic Disease: A Review
Previous ArticleNews and Events
Next ArticleExamination of Strain Interaction in a Multiple-Strain Lactic Starter Culture by Streptomycin-Resistant Mutants of Lactic Streptococci1
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.

      Abstract

      The theory that consumption of homogenized milk containing active xanthine oxidase is a causative factor in development of atherosclerosis is reviewed. Biologically available xanthine oxidase in consumed milk products may be absorbed in the small intestine and enter the blood stream. However, there appears to be no unequivocal evidence that the absorbed enzyme has any pathological effects that may contribute to development of atherosclerotic heart disease.

      References

        • Ahrens E.H.
        Introduction to reports of a panel convened by the Am. Soc. Clin. Nutr. to examine the evidence relating six key dietary issues to the prevalence of certain diseases.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32: 2627
        • Alsabti E.
        Serum xanthine oxidase in breast carcinoma.
        Neoplasma. 1980; 27: 95
        • Annand J.C.
        The case against heated milk protein.
        Atherosclerosis. 1971; 13: 137
        • Anonymous
        M.D. urges warning labels on homogenized, pasteurized milk.
        Food Chem. News. 1980; 22: 17
        • Ansell G.B.
        • Spanner S.
        Plasmalogenase activity in normal and demyelinating tissue of the central nervous system.
        Biochem. J. 1968; 108: 207
        • Antila M.
        • Ali-Yrkkö S.
        • Antila V.
        • Antila P.
        • Rönnemaa T.
        • Järveläinen H.
        • Viikari J.
        Is fat globule membrane essential for cholesterol-lowering effect of milk?.
        Lancet. 1980; 1: 602

      7. Astrup, H. N. 1966. Studies of oxidized flavour in cow's milk. XIV. Review of the oxidized flavour studies. Agric. Coll. Norway, Inst. Anim. Nutr., Reprint No. 288.

        • Aurand L.W.
        • Boone N.H.
        • Giddings G.G.
        Superoxide and singlet oxygen in milk lipid peroxidation.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1977; 60: 363
        • Aurand L.W.
        • Chu T.M.
        • Singleton J.A.
        • Shen R.
        Xanthine oxidase activity and development of spontaneously oxidized flavour in milk.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1967; 50: 465
        • Aurand L.W.
        • Woods A.E.
        Role of xanthine oxidase in the development of spontaneously oxidized flavor in milk.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1959; 42: 1111
        • Avis P.G.
        • Bergel F.
        • Bray R.C.
        The chemistry of xanthine oxidase Part 1. The preparation of a crystalline xanthine oxidase from cow's milk.
        J. Chem. Soc. (London). 1955; : 1100
        • Back W.D.
        Changes in the activity of xanthine oxidase through mechanical effects.
        Int. Dairy Congr. 1974; 1E: 356
        • Battelli M.G.
        • Lorenzoni E.
        • Stirpe F.
        Milk xanthine oxidase type D (dehydrogenase) and type O (oxidase). Purification, interconversion and some properties.
        Biochem. J. 1973; 131: 191
        • Biasotto N.O.
        • Zikakis J.P.
        Isolation of low molecular weight active xanthine oxidase from bovine whole milk.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1975; 58 (Abstr.): 1238
        • Bierman E.L.
        • Shank R.E.
        (Editorial). Homogenized milk and coronary artery disease. Theory, not fact.
        J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1975; 234: 630
        • Bouterse-van-Haaren M.R.T.
        Gehomogeniseerde melk: Hypothese van Oster.
        Melk in relatie tot de gezondheid. 1976; 3 (Dairy Sci. Abstr. 40: 388, 1978): 21pp
        • Briley M.S.
        • Eisenthal R.
        Association of xanthine oxidase with the bovine milk-fat globule membrane. Catalytic properties of the free and membrane-bound enzyme.
        Biochem. J. 1974; 143: 149
        • Briley M.S.
        • Eisenthal R.
        Association of xanthine oxidase with the bovine milk-fat globule membrane. Nature of the enzym-emembrane association.
        Biochem. J. 1975; 147: 417
        • Buddecke E.
        • Andresen G.
        Quantitative Bestimmung der Acetalphosphatide (Plasmalogen) in der Aorta des Menschen unter Beruchsichtigung der Arteriosklerose.
        Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1959; 314: 38

      20. Carr, C. J., J. M. Talbot, and K. D. Fisher. 1975. A review of the significance of bovine milk xanthine oxidase in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Contract No FDA 223–75–2090. (Div. of Nutrition, Bureau of Foods) FASEB Life Sciences Research Office, Bethesda, MD.

        • Carroll K.K.
        Dietary protein in relation to plasma cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis.
        Nutr. Rev. 1978; 36: 1
        • Cerbulis J.
        • Farrell H.M.
        Xanthine oxidase activity in dairy products.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1977; 60: 170
        • Clark A.J.
        • Pratt D.E.
        • Chambers J.V.
        Xanthine oxidase activity in rat serum after administration of homogenized bovine cream preparation.
        Life Sci. 1976; 19: 887
        • Clifford A.J.
        • Ho C.J.
        (Letter) J. Nutr. 1978; 108: 1040
        • Davies D.F.
        Hypothesis: An immunological view of atherogenesis.
        J. Athero. Res. 1969; 10: 253
        • Davies D.F.
        Milk protein and other food antigens in atheroma and coronary heart disease.
        Am. Heart J. 1971; 81: 289
        • Davies D.F.
        • Davies J.R.
        • Richards M.A.
        Antibodies to reconstituted dried cow's milk protein in coronary heart disease.
        J. Athero. Res. 1969; 9: 103
        • Davies D.F.
        • Johnson A.P.
        • Rees B.W.G.
        • Elwood P.C.
        • Abernethy M.
        Food antibodies and myocardial infarction.
        Lancet. 1974; 1: 1012
        • Deeth H.C.
        • Tamime A.Y.
        Yogurt: Nutritive and therapeutic aspects.
        J. Food Prot. 1981; 44: 78
        • Della Monica E.S.
        • Calhoun M.J.
        • Lawson M.J.
        • Craig J.C.
        • Aceto N.C.
        Xanthine oxidase-peroxide interaction in stored dry whole milk.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1965; 48: 602
        • Doan F.J.
        Changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of milk as a result of homogenization.
        Am. Milk Rev. 1954; 16: 54
        • Dwyer T.
        • Hetzel B.S.
        A comparison of trends of coronary heart disease mortality in Australia. U.S.A. and England and Wales with reference to three major risk factors – hypertension, cigarette smoking and diet.
        Int. J. Epidemiol. 1980; 9: 65
        • Fogelman A.M.
        • Shechter I.
        • Seager J.
        • Hokom M.
        • Child S.J.
        • Edwards P.A.
        Malondialdehyde alteration of low density lipoproteins leads to cholesteryl ester accumulation in human monocytes-macrophages.
        Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. 1980; 77: 2214
        • Franson R.
        • Waite M.
        • Weglicki W.
        Phospholipase A activity of lysosomes of rat myocardial tissue.
        Biochem. 1972; 11: 472
        • Friedberg S.J.
        • Gomillion D.M.
        • Stotter P.L.
        The mechanism of ether bond formation in O-alkyl lipid synthesis.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 1074
        • Gandhi M.P.S.
        • Ahuja S.P.
        Absorption of xanthine oxidase from the intestines of rats and rabbits and its role in initiation of atherosclerosis.
        Zentrabl. Veterinaermed. Reihe A. 1979; 26: 635
        • Gibney M.J.
        • Burstyn P.G.
        Milk, serum cholesterol and the Maasai.
        A hypothesis. Atherosclerosis. 1980; 35: 339
        • Gibney M.J.
        • Gallagher P.J.
        • Sharratt G.P.
        • Benning H.S.
        • Taylor T.G.
        • Pitts J.M.
        Antibodies to heated milk protein in coronary heart disease.
        Atherosclerosis. 1980; 37: 151
        • Gotto A.M.
        Diagnosis and management of risk factors for atherosclerosis.
        in: Gross H.L. Atherosclerosis. The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, MI1977: 9-35
        • Gotto A.M.
        • Jackson R.L.
        (Letter) New England.
        J. Med. 1974; 290: 913
        • Greenbank G.R.
        • Pallansch M.J.
        Inactivation and reactivation of xanthine oxidase in dairy products.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1962; 45: 958
        • Gregoriadis G.
        The carrier potential of liposomes in biology and medicine. A review.
        New England J. Med. 1976; 295: 704
        • Groves M.L.
        Minor milk proteins and enzymes.
        in: McKenzie H.A. Milk Proteins II. Chemistry and Molecular Biology. Academic Press, New York, NY1971: 367-418
        • Gudnason G.V.
        • Shipe W.F.
        Factors affecting the apparent activity and heat sensitivity of xanthine oxidase in milk.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1962; 45: 1440
        • Harper A.E.
        Dietary guidelines for Americans.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981; 34: 121
        • Hart L.I.
        • McGartoll M.A.
        • Chapman H.R.
        • Bray R.C.
        The composition of milk xanthine oxidase.
        Biochem. J. 1970; 116: 851
        • Hayashi S.
        • Smith L.M.
        Membranous material of bovine milk fat globules I. Comparison of membranous fractions released by deoxycholate and by churning.
        Biochemistry. 1965; 4: 2550
        • Hill R.D.
        Oxidative enzymes and oxidative processes in milk.
        CSIRO Food Res. Q. 1979; 39: 33
        • Ho K.-J.
        • Biss K.
        • Mikkelson B.
        • Lewis L.A.
        • Taylor C.B.
        The Masai of East Africa: some unique biological characteristics.
        Arch. Pathol. 1971; 91: 387
        • Ho C.Y.
        • Clifford A.J.
        Digestion and absorption of bovine milk xanthine oxidase and its role as a fatty aldehyde oxidase.
        J. Nutr. 1976; 106: 1600
        • Ho C.Y.
        • Clifford A.J.
        Bovine milk xanthine oxidase, blood lipids and coronary plaques in rabbits.
        J. Nutr. 1977; 107: 758
        • Ho C.Y.
        • Clifford A.J.
        • Hill F.W.
        Milk xanthine oxidase activity during digestion and absorption.
        Fed. Proc. 1976; 35 (Abstr.): 538
        • Ho C.Y.
        • Crane R.T.
        • Clifford A.J.
        Studies on lymphatic absorption of and the availability of riboflavin from bovine milk xanthine oxidase.
        J. Nutr. 1978; 108: 55
        • Hoffstein S.
        • Gennaro D.E.
        • Fox A.C.
        • Hirsch J.
        • Streuli F.
        • Weissmann G.
        Colloidal lanthanum as a marker for impaired plasma membrane permeability in ischemic dog myocardium.
        Am. J. Pathol. 1975; 79: 207
        • Horrocks L.A.
        • Fu S.C.
        Pathway for hydrolysis of plasmalogens in brain.
        in: Gatt S. Freysz L. Mandel P. Enzymes of lipid metabolism. Plenum Press, New York, NY1978: 397-406
        • Howard A.N.
        • Marks J.
        Hypocholesterolaemic effect of milk.
        Lancet. 1977; 2: 255
        • Howard A.N.
        • Marks J.
        Effect of milk products on serum-cholesterol.
        Lancet. 1979; 2: 957
        • Hsueh W.
        • Needleman P.
        Cardiac and renal lipases and prostaglandin biosynthesis.
        Lipids. 1979; 14: 236
        • Jennings R.B.
        • Ganote C.E.
        • Reimer K.A.
        Ischemic tissue injury.
        Am. J. Pathol. 1975; 81: 179
        • Kalckar H.M.
        • Klenow H.
        Milk xanthopterin oxidase and pterolyglutamic acid.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1948; 172: 349
        • Kaplan H.G.
        Inhibition of buttermilk xanthine oxidase by folate analogues and derivatives.
        Biochem. Pharmacol. 1980; 29: 2135
        • Kitchen B.J.
        • Taylor G.C.
        • White I.C.
        Milk enzymes – their distribution and activity.
        J. Dairy Res. 1970; 37: 279
        • Klevay L.M.
        Coronary heart disease: the zinc-copper hypothesis.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1975; 28: 764
        • Korycka-Dahl M.
        • Richardson T.
        Initiation of oxidative changes in foods.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1980; 63: 1181
        • Kritchevsky D.
        Atherosclerosis and dietary fibre.
        Atheroscler. Rev. 1977; 2: 179
        • Kritchevsky D.
        • Tepper S.A.
        • Morrissey R.B.
        • Czarnecki S.K.
        • Klurfeld D.M.
        Influence of whole or skim milk on cholesterol metabolism in rats.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32: 597
        • Kummerow F.A.
        Nutrition imblance and angiotoxins as dietary risk factors in coronary heart disease.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1979; 32: 58
        • McCarthy R.D.
        • Long C.A.
        Bovine milk intake and xanthine oxidase activity in blood serum.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1976; 59: 1059
        • Mangino M.E.
        • Brunner J.R.
        Homogenized milk. Is it really the culprit in diet induced atherosclerosis?.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1976; 59: 1511
        • Mangino M.E.
        • Brunner J.R.
        Isolation and partial characterization of xanthine oxidase associated with milk fat globule membrane of cows’ milk.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1977; 60: 841
        • Mann G.V.
        • Spoerry A.
        • Gray M.
        • Jarashow D.
        Atherosclerosis in the Masai.
        Am. J. Epidemiol. 1972; 95: 26
        • Miller B.
        • Anderson C.E.
        • Piantadosi C.
        Plasmalogen and glycerol ether concentrations in normal and atherosclerotic aortic tissue.
        J. Gerontol. 1964; 19: 430
        • Morrison W.R.
        • Jack E.L.
        • Smith L.M.
        Fatty acids of bovine milk glycolipids and phospholipids and their specific distribution in the diacylglycerophospholipids.
        J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1965; 42: 1142
        • Nelson C.A.
        • Handler P.
        Preparation of bovine xanthine oxidase and the subunit structures of some iron flavoproteins.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1968; 243: 5368
        • Niehaus W.G.
        A proposed role of superoxide anion as a biological nucleophile in the deesterification of phospholipids.
        Bioorg. Chem. 1978; 7: 77
        • Norum K.R.
        Some present concepts concerning diet and prevention of coronary heart disease.
        Nutr. Rev. 1978; 36: 194
        • Nupuf M.S.
        • Sutherland W.H.F.
        High density lipoprotein levels in children of young men with ischemic heart disease.
        Atherosclerosis. 1979; 33: 365
        • Olson R.E.
        Is there an optimum diet for the prevention of coronary heart disease?.
        in: Levy R.I. Rifkind B.M. Dennis B.H. Ernst N. Nutrition, lipids and coronary heart disease. Raven Press, New York, NY1979: 349-364
        • Oster K.A.
        Tissue aldehydes. A review.
        Exp. Med. Surg. 1947; 5: 219
        • Oster K.A.
        Treatment of angina pectoris according to a new theory of its origin.
        Cardiol. Dig. 1968; 3: 29
        • Oster K.A.
        Plasmalogen diseases: A new concept of the etiology of the atherosclerotic process.
        Am. J. Clin. Res. 1971; 2: 30
        • Oster K.A.
        Role of plasmalogen in heart diseases.
        in: Myocardiology. Recent advances in studies on cardiac structure and metabolism. Vol. 1. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD1972: 803-813
        • Oster K.A.
        Evaluation of serum cholesterol reduction and xanthine oxidase inhibition in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
        in: Mycardial metabolism. Recent advances in studies on cardiac structure and metabolism. Vol. 3. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD1972: 73-80
        • Oster K.A.
        Is an enzyme in homogenized milk the culprit in dietary-induced atherosclerosis?.
        Med. Counterpoint. 1973; 5 (Nov): 26

      85. Oster, K. A. 1973. Canadian Patent No. 919,000.

      86. Oster, K. A. 1974. Cell damage caused by xanthine oxidase treated by folic acid. Pages 93 3 to 934 in Atherosclerosis III. Proc. Third Int. Symp., West Berlin, October, 1973. G. Schettler, and A. Weizel, eds. Springer-Verlag Berlin.

        • Oster K.A.
        Bovine milk xanthine oxidase as one of the dietary causes of early atherosclerosis.
        Med. Counterpoint. 1974; 6 (Nov): 39
        • Oster K.A.
        Plasmalogens.
        New England J. Med. 1974; 290: 913
        • Oster K.A.
        Plasmalogen diseases and the rarity of atherosclerosis in the Masai.
        Myocardiology in Africa. E. A. Community (CPS), Printer, Nairobi1974 (Pages 209 to 214)
        • Oster K.A.
        The absorption and inhibition of xanthine oxidase.
        Am. Lab. 1976; 8: 47
        • Oster K.A.
        Duplicity in a committee report on diet and coronary heart disease.
        Am. Heart J. 1980; 99: 409
        • Oster K.A.
        Atherosclerosis treated with folic acid.
        in: Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. April Meeting. 1981: 107-115 (Abstr)

      93. Oster, K. A. 1981. Personal communication.

        • Oster K.A.
        • Hope-Ross P.
        Plasmal reaction in a case of recent myocardial infarction.
        Am. J. Cardiol. 1966; 17: 83
        • Oster K.A.
        • Mulinos M.G.
        Tissue aldehydes and their reaction with amines.
        J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1944; 80: 132
        • Oster K.A.
        • Oster J.B.
        • Ross D.J.
        Immune response to bovine xanthine oxidase in atherosclerotic patients.
        Am. Lab. 1974; 6: 41
        • Oster K.A.
        • Ross D.J.
        An enzyme mechanism in explanation of pain in angina pectoris.
        in: The metabolism of contraction. Recent advances in studies on cardiac structure and metabolism. Vol. 10. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD1975: 401-410
        • Owens K.
        • Pang D.C.
        • Franson R.C.
        • Weglicki W.B.
        Lipids of myocardial membranes: Susceptibility of a fraction enriched in sarcolemma to hydrolysis by an exogenous mammalian phospholipase A2.
        Lipids. 1980; 15: 534
        • Povoa H.
        • Marcondes N.
        • Fernandez L.
        • Vincente M.M.A.
        Plasmalogens in arterial wall.
        Acta. Biol. Med. Germ. 1977; 36: 285
        • Pederson T.C.
        • Aust S.D.
        The role of superoxide and singlet oxygen in lipid peroxidation promoted by xanthine oxidase.
        Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1973; 52: 1071
        • Ramboer C.R.H.
        A sensitive and nonradioactive assay for serum and tissue xanthine oxidase.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1969; 74: 828
        • Reimann H.A.
        • Imbriglia J.E.
        • Ducanes T.
        Crystal-induced myocarditis and pericarditis.
        Am. J. Cardiol. 1966; 17: 269
        • Richardson T.
        The hypocholesterolemic effect of milk – A review.
        J. Food Prot. 1978; 41: 226

      104. Rosenberg, H. M., and A. J. Klebba. 1979. Trends in cardiovascular mortality with a focus on ischemic heart disease: United States, 1950 – 1976. Pages 11 to 39 in Proceedings of the Conference on the Decline in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality. U.S. Dep. Health, Education and Welfare NIH Publ. No. 79 – 1610.

        • Ross D.J.
        • Oster K.A.
        J. Nutr. 1978; 108 (Letter): 1039
        • Ross D.J.
        • Ptaszynski M.
        • Oster K.A.
        The presence of ectopic xanthine oxidase in atherosclerotic plaques and myocardial tissue.
        Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1973; 144: 523
        • Ross D.J.
        • Sharnick S.V.
        • Oster K.A.
        Liposomes as a proposed vehicle for the persorption of bovine xanthine oxidase.
        Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1980; 163: 141
        • Rzucidlo S.J.
        • Zikakis J.P.
        Correlation of dairy food intake with human antibody to bovine milk xanthine oxidase.
        Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1979; 160: 477
        • Scott D.W.
        • Gorry G.A.
        • Gotto A.M.
        Diet and coronary heart disease: The statistical analysis of risk.
        Circulation. 1981; 63: 516
        • Scott B.B.
        • McGuffin P.
        • Swinburne M.L.
        • Losowsky M.S.
        Dietary antibodies and myocardial infarction.
        Lancet. 1976; 2: 125
        • Seelig M.S.
        • Heggtveit H.A.
        Magnesium interrelationships in ischemic heart disease: a review.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1974; 27: 59
        • Segall J.J.
        Is milk a coronary health hazard?.
        Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 1977; 31: 81
        • Segall J.J.
        Is lactose a dietary risk factor for ischemic heart disease?.
        Int. J. Epidemiol. 1980; 9: 271
        • Shahani K.M.
        Milk enzymes: their role and significance.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1966; 49: 907
        • Shamma’a M.H.
        • Nasrallah S.M.
        • Al-Khalidi U.A.S.
        Serum xanthine oxidase. An experience with 2000 patients.
        Am. J. Dig. Dis. 1973; 18: 15
        • Shank R.E.
        Nutrition in relation to other aspects of cardiovascular disease.
        in: Levy R.I. Rifkind B.M. Dennis B.H. Ernst N. Nutrition, lipids and coronary heart disease. Raven Press, New York1979: 523-553
        • Shaper A.G.
        • Clayton D.G.
        • Morris J.N.
        Hard and soft water in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
        in: Schettler G. Weizel A. Atherosclerosis III. Proc. Third Int. Symp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin1974: 715-720
        • Sivakoff M.
        • Pure E.
        • Hsueh W.
        • Needleman P.
        Prostaglandins and the heart.
        Fed. Proc. 1979; 38: 78
        • Smith G.J.
        • Dunkley W.L.
        Prooxidants in spontaneous development of oxidized flavor in milk.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1962; 45: 170
        • Snyder F.
        The enzymic pathways of ether-linked lipids and their precursors.
        in: Snyder F. Ether lipids: chemistry and biology. Academic Press, New York, NY1972: 121-156
        • Sobel B.E.
        • Corr P.B.
        • Robison A.K.
        • Goldstein R.A.
        • Witkowski F.X.
        • Klein M.S.
        Accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides with arrhythmogenic properties in ischemic myocardium.
        J. Clin. Invest. 1978; 62: 546
        • Speck M.L.
        Interactions among lactobacilli and man.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1976; 59: 338
        • Stannard D.J.
        The use of marker enzymes to assay the churning of milk.
        J. Dairy Res. 1975; 42: 241
        • The Review Panel on Coronary-prone Behavior Coronary Heart Disease
        Coronaryprone behavior and coronary heart disease: A critical review.
        Circulation. 1981; 63: 1199

      125. Tietz, A., M. Lindberg, and E. P. Kennedy. A new pteridine-requiring enzyme system for the oxidation of glyceryl ethers. J. Biol. Chem. 239:4081.

        • Toivanen A.
        • Viljanen M.K.
        • Savilahti E.
        IgM and IgG antimilk antibodies measured by radioimmunoassay in myocardial infarction.
        Lancet. 1975; 2: 205
        • Ultmann J.E.
        • Feigelson P.
        • Harris S.
        The effect of specific antibodies on xanthine oxidase from various sources.
        J. Immunol. 1962; 88: 113
        • Varo P.
        Mineral element balance and coronary heart disease.
        Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 1974; 44: 267
        • Volkheimer G.
        Persorption.
        in: Bartelheimer H. Kuhn H.A. Becher V. Stelzner F. Gastroenterologie und Stoffwechsel. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany1972: 1-75
        • Volp R.F.
        • Lage G.L.
        Studies on the intestinal absorption of bovine xanthine oxidase.
        Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1977; 154: 488
        • Warner H.R.
        • Lands W.E.M.
        The metabolism of plasmalogens. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the vinyl ether.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1961; 236: 2404
        • Warsaw A.L.
        • Walker W.A.
        • Isselbacher K.J.
        Protein uptake by the intestine. Evidence for absorption of intact macromolecules.
        Gastroenterology. 1974; 66: 987
        • Waud W.R.
        • Brady F.O.
        • Wiley R.D.
        • Rajagopalan K.V.
        A new purification procedure for bovine milk xanthine xidase: Effect of proteolysis on the subunit structure.
        Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1975; 169: 695
        • Weglicki W.B.
        • Waite M.
        • Sisson P.
        • Shohet S.B.
        Myocardial phospholipase A of microsomal and mitochondrial fractions.
        Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1971; 231: 512
        • Weltzien H.U.
        Cytolytic and membrane-perturbing properties of lysophosphatidylcholine.
        Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1979; 559: 259
        • Wykle R.L.
        • Blank M.L.
        • Malone B.
        • Snyder F.
        Evidence for a mixed function oxidase in the biosynthesis of ethanolamine plasmalogens from l-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1972; 247: 5442
        • Wykle R.L.
        • Kraemer W.F.
        • Schremmer J.M.
        Specificity of lysophospholipase.
        D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1980; 619: 58
        • Yudkin J.
        Dietary factors in atherosclerosis: Sucrose.
        Lipids. 1978; 13: 370
        • Zikakis J.P.
        • Dougherty T.M.
        • Biasotto N.O.
        The presence and some properties of xanthine oxidase in human milk and colostrum.
        J. Food Sci. 1976; 41: 1408
        • Zikakis J.P.
        • Rzucidlo S.J.
        Antigenicity of bovine milk xanthine oxidase in guinea pigs.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1976; 59: 1051
        • Zikakis J.P.
        • Rzucidlo S.J.
        • Biasotto N.O.
        Persistence of bovine milk xanthine oxidase activity after gastric digestion in vivo and in vitro.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1977; 60: 533
        • Zikakis J.P.
        • Wooters S.C.
        Activity of xanthine oxidase in dairy products.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1980; 63: 893
        • Zittle C.A.
        Xanthine oxidase, acid phosphatase, ribonuclease and protease.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1964; 47: 202

      Article info

      Publication history

      Received: December 7, 1981

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81956-0

      Copyright

      © 1983 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc.

      User license

      Elsevier user license |
      How you can reuse Information Icon
      Elsevier user license

      Permitted

      For non-commercial purposes:

      • Read, print & download
      • Text & data mine
      • Translate the article

      Not Permitted

      • Reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works
      • Redistribute or republish the final article
      • Sell or re-use for commercial purposes

      Elsevier's open access license policy

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect

      The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the Cookie Preference Center for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties.


      RELX