Advertisement
Research-Article| Volume 72, ISSUE 10, P2826-2833, October 1989

Alteration of Milk Composition Using Molecular Genetics

      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.

      Abstract

      Advances in genetic technology have made it possible to consider making substantial changes either in the composition of milk or in the production of entirely new products in milk. The technological capabilities that have given rise to the introduction and expression of new genes in animals are discussed. Examples are given of transgenic animals that express foreign proteins in their milk. Advantages of the mammary synthesis of proteins are discussed and potential alterations of milk composition and scenarios for introduction of new proteins are considered. Technological capabilities that either currendy exist or are being developed are discussed along with the requirements for making it feasible to utilize the technology on a broad scale in dairy cattle.

      References

        • Ali S.
        • Clark A.J.
        Characterization off the gene encoding ovine beta-lactoglobulin. Similarity to the genes for retinol binding protein and other secretory proteins.
        J. Mol. Biol. 1988; 199: 415
        • Andres A.-C.
        • Schonenberger C.-A.
        • Groner B.
        • Hennighausen L.
        • LeMeur M.
        • Gerlinger P.
        Haras oncogene expression directed by a milk protein gene promoter: tissue specificity, hormonal regulation, and tumor induction in transgenic mice.
        Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. 1987; 84: 1299
        • Berger S.L.
        Methods in enzymology. Guide to molecular cloning techniques. Vol. 152. Academic Press, Inc, New York, NY1987
        • Biery K.A.
        • Bondioli K.R.
        • DeMayo F.J.
        Gene transfer by pronuclear injection in the bovine.
        Theriogenology. 1988; 29: 224
        • Bonsing J.
        • Mackinley A.G.
        Recent studies on nucleotide sequences encoding the caseins.
        J. Dairy Res. 1987; 54: 447
        • Bradley A.
        • Evans M.
        • Kaufman M.H.
        • Robertson E.
        Formation of germline chimera from embryo-derived teratocarcinoma cell lines.
        Nature. 1984; 309: 255
        • Brem G.
        • Brenig B.
        • Goodman H.M.
        • Selden R.C.
        • Graf F.
        • Druff F.
        • Springman K.
        • Hondele J.
        • Meyer J.
        • Winnacker E.L.
        • Krausslich R.
        Production of transgenic mice, rabbits and pigs by microinjection.
        Zuchthygiene. 1985; 20: 251
        • Brinster R.L.
        • Chen H.Y.
        • Warren R.
        • Sarthy A.
        • Palmiter R.D.
        Regulation of metallothionein-thymidine kinase fusion plasmids injected into mouse eggs.
        Nature. 1982; 296: 39
        • Brinster R.L.
        • Chen H.Y.
        • Trumbauer M.E.
        • Yagle M.K.
        • Palmiter R.D.
        Factors affecting the efficiency of introducing foreign DNA into mice by microinjecting eggs.
        Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1985; 82: 4438
        • Carlson J.R.
        A new means of inducibly inactivating a cellular protein.
        Mol. Cell. Biol. 1988; 8: 2638
        • Clark A.J.
        • Simons P.
        • Wilmut I.
        • Lathe R.
        Pharmaceuticals from transgenic livestock.
        Trends Biotechnol. 1987; : 20
      1. Computer-assisted modeling: Contributions of computational approaches to elucidating macromolecular structure and function. 1987. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.

        • Evans R.M.
        The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily.
        Science. 1988; 240: 889
        • Gordon J.W.
        Transgenic mice: a new and powerful tool in mammalian developmental genetics.
        Dev. Genet. 1983; 4: 1
        • Gordon J.W.
        • Ruddle F.H.
        Gene transfer into mouse embryos: Production of transgenic animals by pronuclear injection.
        Methods Enzymol. 1983; 101: 411
        • Gordon J.W.
        • Scangos G.A.
        • Plotkin D.J.
        • Barbosa J.A.
        • Ruddle F.H.
        Genetic transformation of mouse embryos by microinjection of purified DNA.
        Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. 1980; 77: 7380
        • Gordon K.
        • Lee E.
        • Vitale J.A.
        • Smith A.E.
        • Westphal H.
        • Hennighausen L.
        Production of Human Tissue plasminogen activator in transgenic mouse milk.
        Biotechnology. 1987; 5: 1183
        • Hall L.
        • Emery D.C.
        • Davies M.S.
        • Parker D.
        • Craig R.K.
        Organization and sequence of the human alpha-lactalbumin gene.
        Biochem. J. 1987; 242: 735
        • Hammer R.E.
        • Palmiter R.D.
        • Brinster R.L.
        Partial correction of murine hereditary growth disorder by germ-line incorporation of a new gene.
        Nature. 1984; 311: 65
        • Hammer R.E.
        • Pursel V.G.
        • Rexroad Jr., C.E.
        • Wall R.J.
        • Bolt D.J.
        • Ebert K.M.
        • Palmiter R.D.
        • Brinster R.L.
        Production of transgenic rabbits, sheep and pigs by microinjection.
        Nature. 1985; 315: 680
        • Hogan B.
        • Constantini F.
        • Lacy E.
        Manipulating the mouse embryo: a laboratory manual.
        Cold Spring Harbor Lab., New York, NY1986
        • Jaehner D.
        • Haase K.
        • Mulligen R.
        • Jaenisch R.
        Insertion of the bacterial gpt gene into the germline of mice by retroviral infection.
        Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1985; 82: 6927
        • Jaenisch R.
        Transgenic animals.
        Science. 1988; 240: 1468
        • Kang Y.
        • Jimenez-Floras R.
        • Richardson T.
        Casein genes and genetic engineering of the caseins.
        in: Evans J.W. Hollaender A. Genetic engineering of animals: an agricultural perspective. Plenum Press, New York, NY1986: 95
        • Krumlauf R.
        • Hammer R.E.
        • Brinster R.
        • Chapman V.M.
        • Tilghman S.M.
        Regulated expression of alpha- fetoprotein genes in transgenic mice.
        Genetic manipulation of the early mammalian embryo. Cold Spring Harbor Lab, New York, NY1985 (Page 371)
        • Kuhn N.J.
        The biosynthesis of lactose.
        in: Mepham T.B. Biochemistry of lactation. Elsevier Sci. Publ. B. V, 1983: 351
        • Land R.B.
        • Wilmut I.
        Gene transfer and animal breeding.
        Theriogenology. 1987; 27 (69): 1
        • Lee K.-F.
        • Atiee S.H.
        • Rosen J.M.
        Differential regulation of rat β-casein-chloromphenicol acetyltransferase fusion gene expression in transgenic mice.
        Mol. Cell. Biol. 1988; 9: 560
        • Lee K.-F.
        • DeMayo J.
        • Atiee S.H.
        • Rosen J.M.
        Tissue-specific expression of the rat beta-casein gene in transgenic mice.
        Nucl. Acid. Res. 1988; 16: 1027
        • Lewin B.
        Genes.
        3rd. ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY1987
        • Lopez-Casillas F.
        • Bai D.H.
        • Luo X.
        • Kong I.s.
        • Hermondson M.A.
        • Kim K.H.
        Structure of the coding sequence and primary amino acid sequence of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase.
        Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1988; 85: 5784
        • Maniatis T.
        • Goodbourn S.
        • Fischer J.A.
        regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression.
        Science. 1987; 236: 1237
        • Nishikura K.
        • Murray J.M.
        Antisense RNA of proto-oncogene c-fos blocks renewed growth of quiescent 3T3 Cells.
        Mol. Cell. Biol. 1987; 7: 639
        • Palmiter R.D.
        • Brinster R.I.
        Germ-line transformation of mice.
        Ann. Rev. Genet. 1986; 20: 465
        • Petters R.M.
        • Shuman R.M.
        • Johnson B.H.
        • Mettus R.V.
        Gene transfer in swine embryos by Injection of Cells infected with retrovirus vectors.
        J. Exp. Zool. 1987; 242: 85
        • Renard J.-P.
        • Babinet C.
        Genetic engineering in farm animals: the lessons from the genetic mouse model.
        Theriogenology. 1987; 27 (181): 1
        • Richardson T.
        Chemical modifications and genetic engineering of food proteins.
        J. Dairy Sci. 1985; 68: 2753
        • Robl J.M.
        • Prather R.
        • Barnes F.
        • Eyestone W.
        • Northey D.
        • Gilligan B.
        • First N.L.
        Nuclear Transplantation in bovine embryos.
        J. Anim. Sci. 1987; 64: 642
        • Simons J.P.
        • Land R.B.
        Tranenic livestock.
        J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.). 1987; 34: 237
        • Simons J.P.
        • McClenaghan M.
        • Clark A.J.
        Alteration of the quality of milk by expression of sheep beta-lactoglobulin in transgenic mice.
        Nature. 1987; 328: 530
        • Simons J.P.
        • Wilmut I.
        • Clark A.J.
        • Archibald A.L.
        • Bishop J.O.
        • Lathe R.
        Gene transfer into sheep.
        Biotechnology. 1988; 6: 179
        • Van der Putten H.
        • Botten F.M.
        • Miller A.D.
        • Rosenfield M.G.
        • Fan H.
        • Evans R.M.
        • Verma I.M.
        Efficient insertion of genes into the mouse germ line via retroviral vectors.
        Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1985; 82: 6148
        • Varmus H.
        Retroviruses.
        Science. 1988; 240: 1427
        • Yu-Lee L.
        • Richter-Mann L.
        • Couch C.H.
        • Stewart A.F.
        • Mackinlay A.G.
        • Rosen J.M.
        Evolution of the casein multigene family: conserved sequences in the 5′ flanking and Exon regions.
        Nucl. Acids Res. 1986; 14: 1883